Essay review: Geology's youthful romance with the landscape

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 346-352
Author(s):  
Noah Heringman
Keyword(s):  
Essay Review ◽  
Travel Narratives ◽  
European History ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
Dynamic Phase ◽  
The Arts ◽  
History Of Geology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time

Dean's Romantic Landscapes documents the influence of rapid advances in the nascent geosciences on literature and the arts during an especially dynamic phase of British and European history. His ten substantive chapters, along with numerous illustrations and appendices, provide exceptionally rich documentation of verbal and visual motifs that we can now recognise as geological. More than this, he argues that ‘the geological’ itself arose together with ‘the sublime’ and ‘the picturesque’ as a new way of understanding landscapes as changing over time. Dean uses the element of time to distinguish ‘the geological’—as it occurs in poems, travel narratives, and paintings, as well as in works more commonly held to belong to the history of geology—from the other two categories. Numerous chapters are geographically based, skillfully interweaving travel journals of major Romantic writers with popularising geological works on the Harz, Vesuvius, and Fingal's Cave, among other sites. Other chapters are organised around concepts such as ‘Time and Chance’ and ‘Relics of the Flood’. The book concludes, fittingly, with a chapter on extinction—the culmination of the ‘naturalistic’ worldview that Dean traces throughout this book as a contested but ultimately triumphant legacy of Romantic thought.

Return to the ancestral land: The semiotic map of the Mapuche people

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-269
Author(s):  
Camila Pérez ◽  
Giuseppina Marsico
Keyword(s):  
Meaning Making ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indigenous Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Territorial Claim ◽  
Mapuche People ◽  
Territorial Claims ◽  
Von Uexküll ◽  
Over Time

Indigenous territorial claims are a long-standing concern in the history of Latin America. Land and nature have profound meaning in indigenous thinking, which is neither totally understood nor legitimized by the rest of society. This article is aimed at shedding light on this matter by examining the meanings at stake in the territorial claims of the Mapuche people. The Mapuche are an indigenous group in Chile, who are striving to recover their ancestral land. This analysis will be based on the concept of Umwelt, coined by von Uexküll to refer to the way in which species interpret their world in connection with the meaning-making process. Considering the applications of Umwelt to the human being, the significance assigned to land and nature by the Mapuche people emerges as a system of meaning that persists over time and promotes interdependence between people and the environment. On the other hand, the territorial claim of the Mapuche movement challenges the fragmentation between individuals and their space, echoing proposals from human geography that emphasize the role of people in the constitution of places.

The Foundation of the Ottoman Foreign Ministry

1972 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 388-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carter V. Findley
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
History Of ◽  
Foreign Ministry ◽  
Economic Outlook

Analysis of the late unreformed state of those offices of the Sublime Porte out of which the Ottoman Foreign Ministry was to develop makes clear, as we have shown in an earlier article,1 that the possibilities for reform of the traditional bureaucracy were generally limited by two sets of determinants. One set, readily perceptible at what might be termed a macrohistorical level, consists of those largely exogenous forces which dominated the entire later history of the empire.2 In contrast, the other set derives from the legacy of the old bureaucracy itself. Determinants of this class can be identified only by close examination of that legacy, which in turn had been shaped by the nature of the traditional state, as well as by those patterns of social organization and economic outlook which over the centuries had characterized Ottoman society in general.

scholarly journals KEKRISTENAN DAN NASIONALISME DI INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-141
Author(s):  
Arthur Aritonang
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
New Order ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
History Of Christianity ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Old Order ◽  
History Of ◽  
Monetary Crisis ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Over Time

“Kekristenan dan Nasionalisme di Indonesia” membahas mengenai sejarah kekristenan di Indonesia yang diasumsikan sebagai agama yang pro terhadap penjajah dari Barat namun asumsi itu tidak benar sebagai bukti ada banyak tokoh Kristen yang ikut memperjuangkan kemerdekaan Indonesia dengan didasarkan semangat nasionalisme. Kemudian pasca-kolonial Belanda kekristenan ingin menampilkan wajah baru yang sungguh-sungguh keindonesiaan dengan lahirnya organisasi DGI/PGI. Namun seiring waktu ketika berakhirnya era orde baru dan memasuki era reformasi, kekristenan dan masyarakat lainnya di Indonesia menghadapi arus gelombang yang mengatas-namakan agama yang pergerakannya cukup masif dibandingkan di era orde lama diantaranya: kelompok Islam fundamentalis yang ingin menjadikan NKRI bersyariat Islam, adanya gerakan politik transnasional HTI yang ingin menghidupkan kembali kejayaan Islam pada abad ke-6 dan faham Wahabisme yang sarat dengan kekerasan. Persoalan lainnya ialah adanya kemiskinan yang terstruktur akibat dari krisis moneter yang melanda di Indonesia tahun 1997. Melalui masalah ini, setiap agama-agama di Indonesia harus melakukan konvergensi atas dasar keprihatinan yang sama. Abstract: Christianity and Nationalism in Indonesia” discuss the history of Christianity in Indonesia, which is assumed to be a religion that is pro to Western colonialism. Still, this assumption is incorrect as evidence that many Christian figures fought for Indonesian independence based on the spirit of nationalism. Then post-colonial of Dutch, Christianity wanted to be presented a truly Indonesian face with the birth of the DGI / PGI organization. But over time when the end of the new order and entering the era of reform, Christianity and the other societies in Indonesia faced challenges in the name of religion whose movements were quite massive compared to the old order including fundamentalist Islamic groups who wanted to make the Republic of Syariat Muslim Indonesia, a transnational HTI political movement that wanted to revive the glory of Islam in the 6th century and the ideology of Wahhabism which is loaded with violence. Another problem is the existence of structured poverty due to the monetary crisis that hit Indonesia in 1997. Through this problem, every religion in Indonesia must converge on the basis of the same concerns.

Long/Short Term Influences on Change

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 309-318
Author(s):  
Kaustuv Roy
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Geologic Time ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
History Of ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

Change has been the rule in the history of life. Mammals today dominate the terrestrial habitats where dinosaurs once held sway. In modern oceans, ecologists can study many species of arthropods, but trilobites are long gone. Using data from the fossil record, David Raup estimated that only about one in a thousand species that ever lived on this planet is still alive today (Raup, 1991). On the other hand, the number of species and higher taxa has increased steadily over geologic time. Thus the history of life is essentially a history of turnover of species, lineages and higher taxa over time.

scholarly journals Translating “natural selection” in Japanese: from “shizen tōta” to “shizen sentaku”, and back?

Bionomina ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taizo KIJIMA ◽  
Thierry HOQUET
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Finding ◽  
Restriction Policy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Japanese Translation ◽  
Over Time

This paper focuses on terminological issues related to the translation of Darwin’s concept of “natural selection” in Japanese. We analyze the historical fate of the different phrases used as translations, from the first attempts in the late 1870s until recent times. Our first finding is that the first part of the Japanese translations never changed during the period considered: “natural” was constantly rendered by “shizen”. By contrast, the Japanese terms for “selection” have dramatically changed over time. We identify some major breaks in the history of Japanese translations for “natural selection”. From the end of the 1870s to the early 1880s, several translations were suggested in books and periodicals: “shizen kanbatsu”, “shizen tōta”, “tensen”. Katō Hiroyuki adopted “shizen tōta” in 1882 and he undeniably played an important role in spreading this phrase as the standard translation for “natural selection”. The most common Japanese translation of the Origin during the first half of the 20th century (by Oka Asajirō in 1905) also used “shizen tōta”. Adramatic shift occurred after WWII, from “tōta” to “sentaku”. While a linear interpretation could suggest a move from a “bad” translation to a better one, a closer analysis leads to more challenging insights. Especially we stress the role of the kanji restriction policy, which specified which kanji should be taught in schools and thus should be used in textbooks: “tōta” was not included in the list, which may have led to the good fortune of “sentaku” in the 1950–1960s. We think the hypothesis of the influence of Chinese translations is not a plausible one. As to conceptual differences between “shizen tōta” and “sentaku”, they remain unconvincing as both terms could be interpreted as a positive or negative process: there is no clear reason to prefer one term over the other from the strict point of view of their meanings or etymology. Then, turning to the way terms are used, we compare translations of natural selection with translations of artificial or sexual selection. First we turn to the field of thremmatology (breeders): there, “tōta” (sometimes spelled in hiragana instead of kanji) often bore the meaning of culling; since 1917, breeders often used “sentaku” as a translation for “selection”. However, quite surprisingly, breeders used two different terms for selection as a practice (“senbatsu”), and “selection” as in “natural selection” (“shizen sentaku”). Finally, we compare possible translations for “sexual selection” and “matechoice”: here again, there are some good reasons to favour “tōta” over “sentaku” to avoid lexical confusion.

scholarly journals “The Sixth Sense”: Towards a History of Muscular Sensation

Gesnerus ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-271
Author(s):  
Roger Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
History Of Knowledge ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Active Subject ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Senses ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Way

This paper outlines the history of knowledge about the muscular sense and provides a bibliographic resource for further research. A range of different topics, questions and approaches have interrelated throughout this history, and the discussion clarifies this rather than presenting detailed research in any one area. P art I relates the origin of belief in a muscular sense to empiricist accounts of the contribution of the senses to knowledge from Locke, via the idéologues and other authors, to the second half of the nineteenth century. Analysis paid much attention to touch, first in the context of the theory of vision and then in its own right, which led to naming a distinct muscular sense. From 1800 to the present, there was much debate, the main lines of which this paper introduces, about the nature and function of what turned out to be a complex sense. A number of influential psycho-physiologists, notably Alexander Bain and Herbert Spencer, thought this sense the most primitive and primary of all, the origin of knowledge of world, causation and self as an active subject. Part II relates accounts of the muscular sense to the development of nervous physiology and of psychology. In the decades before 1900, t he developing separation of philosophy, psychology and physiology as specialised disciplines divided up questions which earlier writers had discussed under the umbrella heading of muscular sensation. The term ‘kinaesthesia’ came in 1880 and ‘proprio-ception’ in 1906. There was, all the same, a lasting interest in the argument that touch and muscular sensation are intrinsic to the existence of embodied being in the way the other senses are not. In the wider culture – the arts, sport, the psychophysiology of labour and so on – there were many ways in which people expressed appreciation of the importance of what the anatomist Charles Bell had called ‘the sixth sense’.

scholarly journals A comparison of the Psychiatric Bulletin in two time periods: 1988–1992 and 2002–2006

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 303-305
Author(s):  
Dalia Hanna ◽  
Rosemary Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Early Period ◽  
History Of Psychiatry ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Systematic Methodology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Over Time

Aims and MethodWe sought to gain an impression of how the Psychiatric Bulletin has changed over time. We took a ‘snapshot’ of the journal in two time periods, comparing characteristics of articles published early in its development (1988–1992) with those published more recently in its current format (2002–2006).ResultsThe Bulletin has become more scientific, with the proportion of articles categorised as ‘original’ increasing from 31% (217/700) in the early period to 47% (263/565) in the later period. There is less emphasis on history of psychiatry and the arts.Clinical ImplicationsChanges in the Bulletin are in line with psychiatry and medicine in general, placing more emphasis and value on research with systematic methodology.

Liturgical Vestments, Vessels, and Objects in Christian Worship

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne M. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
The Other ◽  
Holy Communion ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
Eastern Christianity ◽  
Contemporary Christian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Worship ◽  
Over Time

Any history of Christian liturgy must address the origins and development of the various material elements that are used during these celebrations. These have their own specific history, just as does the architectural and artistic context of the liturgy. Many of the specialized garments, or vestments, worn by ministers during liturgical services in several contemporary Christian churches originated in elements of ordinary or honorific dress used in the ancient Roman Empire. Over the course of several centuries, the style and type of vestments used in Western Christianity diverged from those used in Eastern Christianity, until today the differences are more striking than the similarities, even in shared individual elements like the stole and the chasuble. In addition, different kinds of vestments are used by different ministers (for example, the deacon, priest, or bishop) and in different kinds of sacramental and liturgical ceremonies. What a minister might wear at one service, for example evening prayer or the administration of baptism, might not be the same as those expected for the celebration of the Eucharist (the Mass, the holy communion, or the divine liturgy). The same is true for the essential vessels used during the celebration of the Eucharist: the chalice to hold the wine, and the paten, or plate, on which rests the bread to be blessed. Both of these have developed in distinctive styles in both West and East over time. The same is true of many of the other vessels and implements needed for the Eucharist and those used in other liturgical services. Examples include containers designed to hold water, oil, or incense as well as the number and style of altar cloths, veils, and candles utilized at different times and places.

The Evolution of Corporate Species

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Landini ◽  
Ugo Pagano
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Comparative History ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Economies ◽  
Over Time

The evolution of biological species is influenced by two types of complementarities. One is related to the synergies among and within organisms, while the other is the outcome of conflicts among different species and among members of the same species. In both conflictual and synergic complementarities, the traits selected in one domain affect the traits selected in the other domain. However, synergies and conflicts involve different mechanisms and interact with each other to generate complex co-evolutionary dynamics. Socio-economic systems are characterized by similar complementarities. Whereas technology and property rights exhibit synergic complementarities, workers’ and capitalists’ organizations display conflictual complementarities. The evolution of different species of capitalism can be better understood in terms of both types of complementarities and by their interactions. The comparative history of the American and the European economies is used to illustrate how models of capitalism can diverge, building different types of institutional complementarities over time.

Long / Short Term Influences on Change

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 249-256
Author(s):  
Kaustuv Roy
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Geologic Time ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
History Of ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

Change has been the rule in the history of life. Mammals today dominate the terrestrial habitats where dinosaurs once held sway. In modern oceans, ecologists can study many species of arthropods, but trilobites are long gone. Using data from the fossil record, David Raup estimated that only about one in a thousand species that ever lived on this planet is still alive today (Raup, 1991). On the other hand, the number of species and higher taxa has increased steadily over geologic time. Thus the history of life is essentially a history of turnover of species, lineages, and higher taxa over time.

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