Identity Constructions and Negotiations Among 1.5- and Second-Generation Nigerians: The Impact of Family, School, and Peer Contexts

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Awokoya
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Identity Development ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Immigrant Youth ◽  
African Immigrant ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Identity Constructions ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Identity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Past scholarship on immigrant racial and ethnic identity construction tends to ignore the processes by which social context influences identity at the individual level. In this qualitative study, Janet T. Awokoya presents a complex understanding of 1.5- and second-generation African immigrant youths’ identities. Awokoya explores how three major contexts—family, school, and peer groups—affect the ways in which African immigrant youth construct and negotiate their racial and ethnic identities. Further, she contends that the ways in which African immigrant youth are expected to conform to ideals of what it means to be African, Nigerian, African American, and Black, which dramatically shift across contexts, significantly confound the racial and ethnic identity constructions and negotiations for these youth. The article concludes with a discussion of practical and theoretical implications for identity development among Black immigrant youth.

scholarly journals Formation of interethnic tolerance of yuth

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Vira Yaroshenko ◽  
Vycheslav Nedbai ◽  
Anna Sukhorukova
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Democratic Citizenship ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Ethnic Stereotypes ◽  
Social Unity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

The article is devoted to the problems of formation of interethnic tolerance in young people under the influence of socio-psychological factors of modern society. Modern scientific approaches to the study of tolerance as a socio-psychological phenomenon are considered. Interethnic tolerance as a factor of conflict-free existence in society is a necessary and sufficient condition for the formation of social unity, mature social consciousness, the principles of nonviolent solution of social problems and a balanced approach to creating social reality. Tolerance at the individual level is the ability to perceive without aggression thoughts that differ from their own, as well as – the behavior and lifestyle of others. Tolerance of other people's way of life, behavior, customs, feelings, ideas, beliefs is a condition for the stability and unity of societies, especially those that are not homogeneous in religious, ethnic or other social dimensions. The existence of such a phenomenon as ethnic stereotype is fully explained by the desire of human consciousness to facilitate understanding of society, to simplify the perception of knowledge about social reality. In order to determine the impact of ethnic stereotypes on the culture of interethnic interaction in modern multinational society, it is necessary to first formulate their role in society. Ethnic stereotypes are primarily cultural formations that are natural and exist as long as there are peoples and ethnic communities. First of all, it should be noted that ethnic stereotype as a regulatory element of ethnic identity performs three important functions: cognitive, communicative and the function of protecting a positive ethnic identity. A significant contribution to the formation of ethnic tolerance in Ukrainian society belongs to civil society institutions. It is the institutionalization of democratic citizenship that is manifested in the active conscious participation of activists of public organizations in identifying ethnic stereotypes and promoting ethnic tolerance. Since tolerance is based on acceptance, respect and fair understanding of the diversity of ethnic groups and peoples, forms of expression and manifestations of individuality and uniqueness of each person, this should be facilitated by knowledge, communication, lack of censorship, freedom of belief and conscience.

National Versus Ethnic Identification in Africa: Modernization, Colonial Legacy, and the Origins of territorial Nationalism

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Lea Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
State Level ◽  
Modernization Theory ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Communal conflicts, civil wars, and state collapse have led many to portray the notion of African nation-states as an oxymoron. Some scholars of African politics—often referred to as second-generation modernization theorists—have argued that strong ethnic attachments across the continent resulted from rapid economic and political modernization, the very forces credited with reducing parochial ties and consolidating European nations in classic modernization theory. Others have argued that national consolidation in Africa is particularly unlikely due to high degrees of ethnic diversity, colonial rule that exacerbated that diversity, and the partition of cultural groups. Despite the ubiquity of these arguments, there has been very little comparative empirical research on territorial nationalism in Africa. Using individual-level data from sixteen countries, combined with a novel compilation of ethnic group and state characteristics, the author evaluates the observable implications of these long-respected theoretical traditions within a multilevel framework. She finds that attachment to the nation, relative to one's ethnic group, increases with education, urbanization, and formal employment at the individual level, and with economic development at the state level—patterns more consistent with classic modernization theory than with second-generation modernization theory. Thus, if modernization in Africa does indeed intensify ethnic attachment, the impact is overwhelmed by the concurrent increase in panethnic territorial nationalism. Similarly, the results show that ethnic diversity and the partition of ethnic groups by “artificial” state borders increase, rather than decrease, the degree to which individuals identify nationally. Taken together, these results reject pessimistic expectations of African exceptionalism and instead suggest that the emergence of widespread national identification within African states is not only possible but even increasingly likely with greater economic development.

Identity Development in Immigrant Youth

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 336-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth J. Schwartz ◽  
Alan Meca ◽  
Miguel Ángel Cano ◽  
Elma I. Lorenzo-Blanco ◽  
Jennifer B. Unger
Keyword(s):  
Identity Development ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Immigrant Youth ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Intergroup Processes ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
Majority Groups ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Future Work

Abstract. Rates of immigration are at an all-time high in many Western countries, and immigration can exert profound influences on identity development. These influences occur both at the individual level and at the group level, but these two sets of influences have rarely been considered simultaneously. Accordingly, this article adopts a multilevel approach to identity development among immigrant youth, with a focus on North American receiving contexts. We focus not only on individual ethnic, national, and personal identity development, but also on the societal-level intergroup processes (e.g., threats and stereotypes) that constrain the identity options available to immigrants. We highlight the prominence of biculturalism – endorsement of both heritage and destination-country identities – but also discuss ways in which biculturalism may be difficult to attain for some immigrants and immigrant groups. We also emphasize the interplay between individual immigrants’ identities and the mechanisms through which defensive policies enacted by “threatened” majority groups may harm identity development among immigrant youth. The article concludes with a listing of priorities for future work.

scholarly journals Natural History of NAFLD

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1161
Author(s):  
Raluca Pais ◽  
Thomas Maurel
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

The epidemiology and the current burden of chronic liver disease are changing globally, with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) becoming the most frequent cause of liver disease in close relationship with the global epidemics of obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The clinical phenotypes of NAFLD are very heterogeneous in relationship with multiple pathways involved in the disease progression. In the absence of a specific treatment for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), it is important to understand the natural history of the disease, to identify and to optimize the control of factors that are involved in disease progression. In this paper we propose a critical analysis of factors that are involved in the progression of the liver damage and the occurrence of extra-hepatic complications (cardiovascular diseases, extra hepatic cancer) in patients with NAFLD. We also briefly discuss the impact of the heterogeneity of the clinical phenotype of NAFLD on the clinical practice globally and at the individual level.

scholarly journals Harnessing testing strategies and public health measures to avert COVID-19 outbreaks during ocean cruises

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardo Chowell ◽  
Sushma Dahal ◽  
Raquel Bono ◽  
Kenji Mizumoto
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Contact Network ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Testing Strategies ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

AbstractTo ensure the safe operation of schools, workplaces, nursing homes, and other businesses during COVID-19 pandemic there is an urgent need to develop cost-effective public health strategies. Here we focus on the cruise industry which was hit early by the COVID-19 pandemic, with more than 40 cruise ships reporting COVID-19 infections. We apply mathematical modeling to assess the impact of testing strategies together with social distancing protocols on the spread of the novel coronavirus during ocean cruises using an individual-level stochastic model of the transmission dynamics of COVID-19. We model the contact network, the potential importation of cases arising during shore excursions, the temporal course of infectivity at the individual level, the effects of social distancing strategies, different testing scenarios characterized by the test’s sensitivity profile, and testing frequency. Our findings indicate that PCR testing at embarkation and daily testing of all individuals aboard, together with increased social distancing and other public health measures, should allow for rapid detection and isolation of COVID-19 infections and dramatically reducing the probability of onboard COVID-19 community spread. In contrast, relying only on PCR testing at embarkation would not be sufficient to avert outbreaks, even when implementing substantial levels of social distancing measures.

The Evolution of the Role of U.S. School Nurses in Adolescent Mental Health at the Individual, Community, and Systems Level: An Integrative Review

2022 ◽  
pp. 105984052110681
Author(s):  
Ashwini R. Hoskote ◽  
Emily Croce ◽  
Karen E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Adolescent Mental Health ◽  
School Nurse ◽  
School Nurses ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
School Nursing ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

School nurses are crucial to addressing adolescent mental health, yet evidence concerning their evolving role has not been synthesized to understand interventions across levels of practice (i.e., individual, community, systems). We conducted an integrative review of school nurse roles in mental health in the U.S. related to depressive symptoms, anxiety, and stress. Only 18 articles were identified, published from 1970 to 2019, and primarily described school nurses practicing interventions at the individual level, yet it was unclear whether they were always evidence-based. Although mental health concerns have increased over the years, the dearth of rigorous studies made it difficult to determine the impact of school nurse interventions on student mental health outcomes and school nurses continue to feel unprepared and under supported in this area. More research is needed to establish best practices and systems to support school nursing practice in addressing mental health at all levels of practice.

The consequences of social intolerance on non-violent protest

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Rapp ◽  
Kathrin Ackermann
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Ecological Effect ◽  
Multilevel Analyses ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Established Democracies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

This paper scrutinizes the impact of intolerance toward diverse ethnic, religious, and cultural groups on an individual’s willingness to actively engage in non-violent protest. Following new insights, we examine the individual as well as the ecological effect of social intolerance on protest behavior. Drawing from insights of social psychology and communication science, we expect that the prevalence of intolerance reinforces the positive effect of individual-level intolerance on protest participation. From a rational choice perspective, however, a negative moderating effect is expected, as the expression of opinions becomes redundant for intolerant individuals in an intolerant society. We base our multilevel analyses on data from theWorld Values Surveyscovering 32 established democracies. Our results reveal that intolerance leads to more non-violent protest participation. This relationship, however, is strongly influenced by the prevalence of intolerance in a country.

scholarly journals The Impact of Customer Contact on Collective Human Energy in Firms

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 915-952
Author(s):  
Petra Kipfelsberger ◽  
Heike Bruch ◽  
Dennis Herhausen
Keyword(s):  
Transformational Leadership ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Customer Contact ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Moderated Mediation Model ◽  
Human Energy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

This article investigates how and when a firm’s level of customer contact influences the collective organizational energy. For this purpose, we bridge the literature on collective human energy at work with the job impact framework and organizational sensemaking processes and argue that a firm’s level of customer contact is positively linked to the collective organizational energy because a high level of customer contact might make the experience of prosocial impact across the firm more likely. However, as prior research at the individual level has indicated that customers could also deplete employees’ energy, we introduce transformational leadership climate as a novel contingency factor for this linkage at the organizational level. We propose that a medium to high transformational leadership climate is necessary to derive positive meaning from customer contact, whereas firms with a low transformational leadership climate do not get energized by customer contact. We tested the proposed moderated mediation model with multilevel modeling and a multisource data set comprising 9,094 employees and 75 key informants in 75 firms. The results support our hypotheses and offer important theoretical contributions for research on collective human energy in organizations and its interplay with customers.

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