scholarly journals The genetic control of specificity of interactions between legume plants and nodule bacteria

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir A Zhukov ◽  
Tamara S Rychagova ◽  
Oksana Y Shtark ◽  
Aleksey U Borisov ◽  
Igor A Tikhonovich
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Rhizobial Symbiosis ◽  
Receptor Kinases ◽  
Legume Plants

The genetic control of signal interactions between partners during formation legume-rhizobial symbiosis is examined. The ability of legumes to perceive the signal molecules (Nod-factors) excreting by nodule bacteria appears to be the base of these interactions. The diversity of receptor kinases in legume plants reflects the specificity of interactions with diverse strains of nodule bacteria.

scholarly journals ROLE OF SIGNAL EXCHANGE IN CONTROL OF RHIZOBIUM - LEGUME SYMBIOSIS SPECIFICITY

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Elena A Dolgikh ◽  
Irina V Leppyanen ◽  
Maria A Osipova ◽  
Igor A Tikhonovich
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Legume Symbiosis ◽  
Legume Plants ◽  
Chemical Groups

The signal molecules produced by legume plants and soil bacteria rhizobia and involved in early steps of symbiosis regulation were identified through the evaluation of molecular mechanisms of plant-rhizobia communication. The molecular dialog between plants and rhizobia is initiated by plant flavanoids inducing the synthesis and secretion of lipochitooligosaccharide molecules Nod factors by rhizobial bacteria. Nod factors are N-acetylglucosamine oligomers, modified by fatty acid and certain chemical groups. Nod factors trigger a set of plant reactions resulting in a formation of root nodules - nitrogen fixing symbiotic organs. Fine chemical structure of signal molecules determines host specificity of the symbiosis. Nod factors are active in low concentrations and possess mitogenic and morphogenic activity, therefore they are recognized as the new class of growth regulators. In this paper the modern data about study of Nod factor perception mechanisms and signal transduction pathway in legume plants are presented and considered with perspective for future application of these knowledge for practical increasing of symbiosis efficiency from plant side. This work was supported by RFBR 07-08-00700a (Russian Foundation of Basic Research), CRDF RUXO-012-ST-06 (BP2M12) and HIII-5399. 2008. 4, RFBR-NWO (06-04-89000-НВОЦ-а) grants.

scholarly journals LECTINS AND THEIR ROLE IN FORMATION AND FUNCTIONING OF LEGUME-RHIZOBIAL SYMBIOSIS

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
S.Ya. Kots ◽  
S.M. Malichenko ◽  
P.M. Mamenko ◽  
M.V. Volkogon ◽  
L.M. Mykhalkiv
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Hemagglutination Activity ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Rhizobial Symbiosis ◽  
Fixation Treatment ◽  
Legume Plants

The paper covers the role of lectins of legumes in the establishing of nitrogen fixing symbiosis with nodule bacteria. The positive influence of these proteins in initiation of rhizobia binding to the roots of legume plants was proved. It was established that level of hemagglutination activity of lectins of soybean and lupine nodules directly relate on the activity of nitrogen fixation. Treatment of soybean seeds with the rhizobial suspension combined with homologous lectin promoted nitrogen fixation in nodules and has considerably increased crop yield thus indicating perceptiveness of use of legumes lectins in compositions of bacterial fertilizers for legume plants.

scholarly journals Rhizobial NodL O-Acetyl Transferase and NodS N-Methyl Transferase Functionally Interfere in Production of Modified Nod Factors

2001 ◽  
Vol 183 (11) ◽  
pp. 3408-3416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel M. López-Lara ◽  
Dimitris Kafetzopoulos ◽  
Herman P. Spaink ◽  
Jane E. Thomas-Oates
Keyword(s):  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Rhizobium Tropici ◽  
Methyl Transferase ◽  
Mesorhizobium Loti ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Rhizobial Species ◽  
Acetyl Group

ABSTRACT The products of the rhizobial nodulation genes are involved in the biosynthesis of lipochitin oligosaccharides (LCOs), which are host-specific signal molecules required for nodule formation. The presence of an O-acetyl group on C-6 of the nonreducingN-acetylglucosamine residue of LCOs is due to the enzymatic activity of NodL. Here we show that transfer of the nodLgene into four rhizobial species that all normally produce LCOs that are not modified on C-6 of the nonreducing terminal residue results in production of LCOs, the majority of which have an acetyl residue substituted on C-6. Surprisingly, in transconjugant strains ofMesorhizobium loti, Rhizobium etli, and Rhizobium tropici carrying nodL, such acetylation of LCOs prevents the endogenous nodS-dependent transfer of theN-methyl group that is found as a substituent of the acylated nitrogen atom. To study this interference betweennodL and nodS, we have cloned thenodS gene of M. loti and used its product in in vitro experiments in combination with purified NodL protein. It has previously been shown that a chitooligosaccharide N deacetylated on the nonreducing terminus (the so-called NodBC metabolite) is the preferred substrate for NodS as well as for NodL. Here we show that the NodBC metabolite, acetylated by NodL, is not used by the NodS protein as a substrate while the NodL protein can acetylate the NodBC metabolite that has been methylated by NodS.

scholarly journals Chromium(VI) Toxicity in Legume Plants: Modulation Effects of Rhizobial Symbiosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uliana Ya. Stambulska ◽  
Maria M. Bayliak ◽  
Volodymyr I. Lushchak
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Pigment Synthesis ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Rhizobial Symbiosis ◽  
Promote Plant Growth ◽  
Legume Plants ◽  
Cellular Components

Most legume species have the ability to establish a symbiotic relationship with soil nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria that promote plant growth and productivity. There is an increasing evidence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) important role in formation of legume-rhizobium symbiosis and nodule functioning. Environmental pollutants such as chromium compounds can cause damage to rhizobia, legumes, and their symbiosis. In plants, toxic effects of chromium(VI) compounds are associated with the increased production of ROS and oxidative stress development as well as with inhibition of pigment synthesis and modification of virtually all cellular components. These metabolic changes result in inhibition of seed germination and seedling development as well as reduction of plant biomass and crop yield. However, if plants establish symbiosis with rhizobia, heavy metals are accumulated preferentially in nodules decreasing the toxicity of metals to the host plant. This review summarizes data on toxic effects of chromium on legume plants and legume-rhizobium symbiosis. In addition, we discussed the role of oxidative stress in both chromium toxicity and formation of rhizobial symbiosis and use of nodule bacteria for minimizing toxic effects of chromium on plants.

scholarly journals NolL of Rhizobium sp. Strain NGR234 Is Required for O-Acetyltransferase Activity

1999 ◽  
Vol 181 (3) ◽  
pp. 957-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Berck ◽  
X. Perret ◽  
D. Quesada-Vincens ◽  
J.-C. Promé ◽  
W. J. Broughton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Family ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Acetyltransferase Activity ◽  
Symbiotic Plasmid ◽  
Root Hair Deformation ◽  
Nodulation Capacity ◽  
Fucose Residue ◽  
Rhizobium Sp

ABSTRACT Following (iso)flavonoid induction, nodulation genes of the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 elaborate a large family of lipooligosaccharidic Nod factors (NodNGR factors). When secreted into the rhizosphere of compatible legumes, these signal molecules initiate root hair deformation and nodule development. The nonreducing glucosamine residue of NodNGR factors are N acylated, N methylated, and mono- or biscarbamoylated, while position C-6 of the reducing extremity is fucosylated. This fucose residue is normally 2-O methylated and either sulfated or acetylated. Here we present an analysis of all acetylated NodNGR factors, which clearly shows that the acetate group may occupy position C-3 or C-4 of the fucose moiety. Disruption of the flavonoid-inducible nolL gene, which is preceded by anod box, results in the synthesis of NodNGR factors that lack the 3-O- or 4-O-acetate groups. Interestingly, the nodulation capacity of the mutant NGRΩnolL is not impaired, whereas introduction of thenod box::nolL construct into the related strain Rhizobium fredii USDA257 extends the host range of this bacterium to Calopogonium caeruleum,Leucaena leucocephala, and Lotus halophilus. Nod factors produced by a USDA257(pnolL) transconjugant were also acetylated. The nodbox::nolL construct was also introduced into ANU265 (NGR234 cured of its symbiotic plasmid), along with extra copies of the nodD1 gene. When permeabilized, these cells possessed acetyltransferase activity, although crude extracts did not.

Genetic control of strain-specific ineffective nodulation in Trifolium subterraneum L.

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
AH Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Bacterial Strain ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Root Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Parent Variety ◽  
Early Parent

The nodulation response of the Trifolium subterraneum variety Northam First Early with a range of strains of root nodule bacteria has been investigated. An ineffective response was found with the normally effective bacterial strain NA30. Within F2 populations of crosses between Northam First Early and each of six other varieties of T. subterraneum, the response to inoculation with strain NA30 varied from fully ineffective through intermediate effectiveness to fully effective. The proportion of ineffectively noddated plants in these F, populations was also influenced by the non- Northam First Early parent variety. Differences in response among individual plants within the F, populations were probably due to the segregation of a single major gene and a number of modifying genes. Of 10 other strains examined, one strain showed a similar pattern of response to that obtained with NA30, while a second strain exhibited host x strain specific ineffectiveness of a different type.

scholarly journals Identification of Essential Amino Acids in theAzorhizobium caulinodans Fucosyltransferase NodZ

2001 ◽  
Vol 183 (24) ◽  
pp. 7067-7075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Chazalet ◽  
Kazuyoshi Uehara ◽  
Roberto A. Geremia ◽  
Christelle Breton
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Domain ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Peptide Motifs ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Complex Glycans

ABSTRACT The nodZ gene, which is present in various rhizobial species, is involved in the addition of a fucose residue in an α1-6 linkage to the reducing N-acetylglucosamine residue of lipo-chitin oligosaccharide signal molecules, the so-called Nod factors. Fucosylation of Nod factors is known to affect nodulation efficiency and host specificity. Despite a lack of overall sequence identity, NodZ proteins share conserved peptide motifs with mammalian and plant fucosyltransferases that participate in the biosynthesis of complex glycans and polysaccharides. These peptide motifs are thought to play important roles in catalysis. NodZ was expressed as an active and soluble form in Escherichia coli and was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis to investigate the role of the most conserved residues. Enzyme assays demonstrate that the replacement of the invariant Arg-182 by either alanine, lysine, or aspartate results in products with no detectable activity. A similar result is obtained with the replacement of the conserved acidic position (Asp-275) into its corresponding amide form. The residues His-183 and Asn-185 appear to fulfill functions that are more specific to the NodZ subfamily. Secondary structure predictions and threading analyses suggest the presence of a “Rossmann-type” nucleotide binding domain in the half C-terminal part of the catalytic domain of fucosyltransferases. Site-directed mutagenesis combined with theoretical approaches have shed light on the possible nucleotide donor recognition mode for NodZ and related fucosyltransferases.

scholarly journals A model for the development of the rhizobial and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses in legumes and its use to understand the roles of ethylene in the establishment of these two symbioses

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 695-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
F C Guinel ◽  
R D Geil
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Rhizobial Symbiosis ◽  
Nodulation Mutants ◽  
Sites Of Action ◽  
Root Tissues

We propose a model depicting the development of nodulation and arbuscular mycorrhizae. Both processes are dissected into many steps, using Pisum sativum L. nodulation mutants as a guideline. For nodulation, we distinguish two main developmental programs, one epidermal and one cortical. Whereas Nod factors alone affect the cortical program, bacteria are required to trigger the epidermal events. We propose that the two programs of the rhizobial symbiosis evolved separately and that, over time, they came to function together. The distinction between these two programs does not exist for arbuscular mycorrhizae development despite events occurring in both root tissues. Mutations that affect both symbioses are restricted to the epidermal program. We propose here sites of action and potential roles for ethylene during the formation of the two symbioses with a specific hypothesis for nodule organogenesis. Assuming the epidermis does not make ethylene, the microsymbionts probably first encounter a regulatory level of ethylene at the epidermis – outermost cortical cell layer interface. Depending on the hormone concentrations there, infection will either progress or be blocked. In the former case, ethylene affects the cortex cytoskeleton, allowing reorganization that facilitates infection; in the latter case, ethylene acts on several enzymes that interfere with infection thread growth, causing it to abort. Throughout this review, the difficulty of generalizing the roles of ethylene is emphasized and numerous examples are given to demonstrate the diversity that exists in plants.Key words: AM, epidermis, evolution, pea, rhizobia, sym mutant.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF FUNGICIDES ON THE EFFICIENCY OF SOYBEAN INOCULATION WITH PESTICIDE-RESISTANT NODULE BACTERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
К. P. Kukol ◽  
N. A. Vorobey ◽  
P. P. Pukhtaievych ◽  
L. I. Rybachenko ◽  
R. Ya. Yakymchuk
Keyword(s):  
Individual Plant ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Rhizobial Symbiosis ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Sowing Seed ◽  
Tn5 Mutant ◽  
Selection Of

Objective. Evaluate the efficiency of soybean inoculation with pesticide-resistant nodule bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum under the influence of pre-sowing seed dressing with Maxym XL,Standak Top and Fever and preventive spraying of plants with the fungicide Akanto Plus. Methods. Physiological, microbiological, gas chromatographic, vegetation experiment, statistical.Results. The number and weight of nodules formed on soybean roots during the growing seasonunder the action of the prothioconazole-based fungicide Fever were reported to be lower comparedwith the control and other variants of experiment. Pesticides Maxym XL and Standak Top had a lesspronounced toxic effect on the formation of legume-rhizobial symbiosis with the participation offungicide-resistant B. japonicum B78 Tn5 mutant compared to Fever. A decrease in the level of N2assimilation by 10.9–41.1 % in the three-leaf phase was found with the combined use of seed pesticides and nodule bacteria included in the study, relative to the variant with inoculation only. However, during the growing season, the negative effect of fungicidal preparations on the functioning oflegume-rhizobial symbiosis decreased. Conclusion. Under the conditions of the model vegetationexperiment with the concomitant use of Standak Top and Fever and bacterization, a decrease in individual plant productivity by 7.0 and 14.1 %, respectively, has been reported. The complex actionof the pesticide Maxym XL and inoculation with pesticide-resistant B. japonicum B78 transposonmutant, contributed to the maximum increase in yield by 27.2 %. The obtained data confirm the expediency of selection of fungicides and nitrogen-fixing microorganisms for concomitant use to ensure high economic and protective effects.

scholarly journals Structure, functions and perspectives of practical application of the signal molecules inducing development of rhizobia-legume symbiosis

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-24
Author(s):  
Aleksandra O Ovtsyna ◽  
Igor A Tikhonovich
Keyword(s):  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Legume Symbiosis ◽  
Molecular Signals

Soil bacteria rhizobia establish nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with legume plants. Mutual recognition of symbiotic partners and initiation of nodule formation occur via exchange by molecular signals secreted both by plant and bacteria. This review summarizes recent data about structural diversity, genetic control of biosynthesis and functional role of Nod-factors. The possibilities of practical application of flavonoids and Nod-factors in agriculture are discussed

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