scholarly journals ROLE OF SIGNAL EXCHANGE IN CONTROL OF RHIZOBIUM - LEGUME SYMBIOSIS SPECIFICITY

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Elena A Dolgikh ◽  
Irina V Leppyanen ◽  
Maria A Osipova ◽  
Igor A Tikhonovich
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Legume Symbiosis ◽  
Legume Plants ◽  
Chemical Groups

The signal molecules produced by legume plants and soil bacteria rhizobia and involved in early steps of symbiosis regulation were identified through the evaluation of molecular mechanisms of plant-rhizobia communication. The molecular dialog between plants and rhizobia is initiated by plant flavanoids inducing the synthesis and secretion of lipochitooligosaccharide molecules Nod factors by rhizobial bacteria. Nod factors are N-acetylglucosamine oligomers, modified by fatty acid and certain chemical groups. Nod factors trigger a set of plant reactions resulting in a formation of root nodules - nitrogen fixing symbiotic organs. Fine chemical structure of signal molecules determines host specificity of the symbiosis. Nod factors are active in low concentrations and possess mitogenic and morphogenic activity, therefore they are recognized as the new class of growth regulators. In this paper the modern data about study of Nod factor perception mechanisms and signal transduction pathway in legume plants are presented and considered with perspective for future application of these knowledge for practical increasing of symbiosis efficiency from plant side. This work was supported by RFBR 07-08-00700a (Russian Foundation of Basic Research), CRDF RUXO-012-ST-06 (BP2M12) and HIII-5399. 2008. 4, RFBR-NWO (06-04-89000-НВОЦ-а) grants.

scholarly journals Structure, functions and perspectives of practical application of the signal molecules inducing development of rhizobia-legume symbiosis

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-24
Author(s):  
Aleksandra O Ovtsyna ◽  
Igor A Tikhonovich
Keyword(s):  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Legume Symbiosis ◽  
Molecular Signals

Soil bacteria rhizobia establish nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with legume plants. Mutual recognition of symbiotic partners and initiation of nodule formation occur via exchange by molecular signals secreted both by plant and bacteria. This review summarizes recent data about structural diversity, genetic control of biosynthesis and functional role of Nod-factors. The possibilities of practical application of flavonoids and Nod-factors in agriculture are discussed

scholarly journals The genetic control of specificity of interactions between legume plants and nodule bacteria

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir A Zhukov ◽  
Tamara S Rychagova ◽  
Oksana Y Shtark ◽  
Aleksey U Borisov ◽  
Igor A Tikhonovich
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Rhizobial Symbiosis ◽  
Receptor Kinases ◽  
Legume Plants

The genetic control of signal interactions between partners during formation legume-rhizobial symbiosis is examined. The ability of legumes to perceive the signal molecules (Nod-factors) excreting by nodule bacteria appears to be the base of these interactions. The diversity of receptor kinases in legume plants reflects the specificity of interactions with diverse strains of nodule bacteria.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Unraveling the Conundrum in Skeletal Muscle?

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 5372-5381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel K Stepto ◽  
Alba Moreno-Asso ◽  
Luke C McIlvenna ◽  
Kirsty A Walters ◽  
Raymond J Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Evidence Synthesis ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ovary Syndrome

Abstract Context Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine condition affecting 8% to 13% of women across the lifespan. PCOS affects reproductive, metabolic, and mental health, generating a considerable health burden. Advances in treatment of women with PCOS has been hampered by evolving diagnostic criteria and poor recognition by clinicians. This has resulted in limited clinical and basic research. In this study, we provide insights into the current and future research on the metabolic features of PCOS, specifically as they relate to PCOS-specific insulin resistance (IR), that may affect the most metabolically active tissue, skeletal muscle. Current Knowledge PCOS is a highly heritable condition, yet it is phenotypically heterogeneous in both reproductive and metabolic features. Human studies thus far have not identified molecular mechanisms of PCOS-specific IR in skeletal muscle. However, recent research has provided new insights that implicate energy-sensing pathways regulated via epigenomic and resultant transcriptomic changes. Animal models, while in existence, have been underused in exploring molecular mechanisms of IR in PCOS and specifically in skeletal muscle. Future Directions Based on the latest evidence synthesis and technologies, researchers exploring molecular mechanisms of IR in PCOS, specifically in muscle, will likely need to generate new hypothesis to be tested in human and animal studies. Conclusion Investigations to elucidate the molecular mechanisms driving IR in PCOS are in their early stages, yet remarkable advances have been made in skeletal muscle. Overall, investigations have thus far created more questions than answers, which provide new opportunities to study complex endocrine conditions.

scholarly journals The Inhibitory Effect of a Novel Polypeptide Fraction fromArca subcrenataon Cancer-Related Inflammation in Human Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Wu ◽  
Xianjing Hu ◽  
Liyan Song ◽  
Jianhua Zhu ◽  
Rongmin Yu
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Fishery Resource ◽  
Proinflammatory Mediators ◽  
Raw264.7 Macrophage ◽  
Human Cervical Cancer

Inflammation is known to be closely associated with the development of cancer. The study was launched in human cervical cancer HeLa cells to investigate the antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects of P2, a marine polypeptide fraction from an important fishery resourceArca subcrenata. The basic research showed that P2 could suppress the production of nitric oxide in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells as well as the secretion of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-αin human cervical cancer HeLa cells. For the molecular mechanisms, P2 was shown to downregulate the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 and to inhibit the COX-2 and iNOS-related pathways in HeLa cells. In consequence, P2 might inhibit tumor development by blocking the interaction between tumor microenvironment and proinflammatory mediators. All findings indicate that P2 possesses the potential to be developed as a novel agent for cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Physical dissociation of the TCR-CD3 complex accompanies receptor ligation.

1995 ◽  
Vol 182 (6) ◽  
pp. 1997-2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Kishimoto ◽  
R T Kubo ◽  
H Yorifuji ◽  
T Nakayama ◽  
Y Asano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
Cell Surface Expression ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Physical Dissociation ◽  
Receptor Ligation

Recent studies indicate that there may be functional uncoupling of the TCR-CD3 complex and suggest that the TCR-CD3 complex is composed of two parallel signal-transducing units, one made of gamma delta epsilon chains and the other of zeta chains. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms that may explain the functional uncoupling of TCR and CD3, we have analyzed their expression by using flow cytometry as well as immunochemical means both before and after stimulation with anti-TCR-beta, anti-CD3 epsilon, anti-CD2, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, and ionomycin. We present evidence that TCR physically dissociates from CD3 after stimulation of the TCR-CD3 complex. Stimulation with anti-CD3 resulted in down-modulation of TCR within 45 min whereas CD3 epsilon was still expressed on the cell surface as detected by flow cytometry. However, the cell surface expression of TCR and CD3 was not affected when cells were stimulated with anti-TCR-beta under the same conditions. In the case of anti-CD3 treatment of T cells, the TCR down-modulation appeared to be due to the internalization of TCR, as determined by immunoelectron microscopy. Immunochemical analysis of cells after stimulation with either anti-TCR or anti-CD3 mAbs revealed that the overall protein levels of TCR and CD3 were similar. More interestingly, the dissociation of the TCR-CD3 complex was observed with both treatments and occurred in a manner that the TCR and the associated TCR-zeta chain dissociated as a unit from CD3. These results provide the first report of physical dissociation of TCR and CD3 after stimulation through the TCR-CD3 complex. The results also suggest that the signal transduction pathway triggered by TCR may differ from that induced by CD3.

GCSF As a Potential Molecular Target for Overall Survival of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Cao ◽  
Peng Guo ◽  
Xiaohui Wu ◽  
Jiankun Li ◽  
Chenlong Ge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Survival Analysis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Tumor Diameter ◽  
Overall Survival Analysis

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of digestive tract in the world. Therefore, it is important to carry out studies on the molecular mechanisms of early diagnosis and treatment of HCC to reduce mortality. Methods: Bioinformatic analysis was performed to explore the significant role of GCSF on the occurrence and development of neoplasm. Differently expressed genes (DEGs) were screened, and the significant hub genes related with GCSF were identified by the multiple algorithms of Cytoscape. Functional annotation for DEGs, pathological stage and overall survival analysis were implemented. In addition, the verification for the role of GCSF on HCC was made via the clinical samples. A total of 70 participates diagnosed as HCC were recruited from November 2014 to November 2019. The immunohistochemistry assay, qRT-PCR, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and overall survival analysis were carried out. Results: GCSF was related with the tumor size, and the expression of GCSF was up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. The enrichment results of GO and KEGG analysis were mainly enriched in “Inflammatory response”, “Protein binding”, “Metabolic pathways”, and “Proteasome”. The tumor diameter (P < 0.001), and survival time (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with expression of GCSF via the verification of clinical data. The univariate and multivariate Cox proportional regression analysis manifested that high expression of GCSF in patients with HCC was related to poor OS. Conclusion: The expression level of GCSF is significantly associated with the prognostic survival of HCC, and it is expected to become a new prognostic marker of HCC, providing a novel idea for future basic research as well as targeted therapy.

scholarly journals Dosis dan Waktu Aplikasi Boron Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Kacang Hijau

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Krisna Cahya Nurani ◽  
Susilo Budiyanto ◽  
Endang Dwi Purbajanti
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Green Beans ◽  
Great Demand ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Legume Plants ◽  
Generative Phase

<p>Green beans are legume plants that are in great demand because of their high nutrition content and include plants that require boron to support growth from the vegetative to generative phase. The study aims to assess the growth and production of green beans due to influence of the dose and time of boron application. The research was carried out using completely randomized design with factorial pattern 3×3 with 3 replications. The first factor was the treatment of boron doses of 1, 1.5, and 2 kg/ha was given once at 7 Day After Planting (DAP), fertilizer application twice at 7 and 28 DAP, and once given at 28 DAP. The results showed that dose of boron at a dose of 1 kg/ha was able to produce the number of affective root nodules and the best pod weight. The treatment of boron once at 7 DAP can increase plant height, flowering age, pod weight, and seed weight per pod. The interaction between dose and time of boron application affects the number of affective root nodules and seed weight per pod.</p>

scholarly journals MODERN TRENDS OF BASIC RESEARCH IN PATHOGENESIS OF PROGRESSIVE MYOPIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
E. N. Iomdina ◽  
E. P. Tarutta
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Treatment Plans ◽  
Progressive Myopia ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
And Control

The growing prevalence of progressive myopia and its disabling consequences explains the elaboration of reliable diagnostic markers and new treatment strategies based on the research results of molecular mechanisms underlying the development of the condition. The paper reviews recent basic pathogenetic research studies which have greatly broadened the awareness of the deep causes of progressive myopia associated with the activity of certain growth factors, local and systemic protein metabolism, and regulation of hormonal and neural processes. Practical clinical guidelines for new criteria of diagnosis and control of myopia are published as they could be useful while selecting individual treatment plans including indications to sclera-strengthening therapy and its evaluation. The results may be promising in the elaboration of systemic and local medications for the prevention of myopia progression, which should address the regulation of connective tissue disorders, hormonal shifts, and imbalanced autonomic nervous system. 

scholarly journals Multimodal Spectroscopic Imaging of Pea Root Nodules to Assess the Nitrogen Fixation in the Presence of Biofertilizer Based on Nod-Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 12991
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Susniak ◽  
Mikolaj Krysa ◽  
Dominika Kidaj ◽  
Monika Szymanska-Chargot ◽  
Iwona Komaniecka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Imaging ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Spectroscopic Imaging ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Pea Root ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir And Raman ◽  
Apparent Distribution

Multimodal spectroscopic imaging methods such as Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MALDI MSI), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy were used to monitor the changes in distribution and to determine semi quantitatively selected metabolites involved in nitrogen fixation in pea root nodules. These approaches were used to evaluate the effectiveness of nitrogen fixation by pea plants treated with biofertilizer preparations containing Nod factors. To assess the effectiveness of biofertilizer, the fresh and dry masses of plants were determined. The biofertilizer was shown to be effective in enhancing the growth of the pea plants. In case of metabolic changes, the biofertilizer caused a change in the apparent distribution of the leghaemoglobin from the edges of the nodule to its centre (the active zone of nodule). Moreover, the enhanced nitrogen fixation and presumably the accelerated maturation form of the nodules were observed with the use of a biofertilizer.

scholarly journals Rhizobial NodL O-Acetyl Transferase and NodS N-Methyl Transferase Functionally Interfere in Production of Modified Nod Factors

2001 ◽  
Vol 183 (11) ◽  
pp. 3408-3416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel M. López-Lara ◽  
Dimitris Kafetzopoulos ◽  
Herman P. Spaink ◽  
Jane E. Thomas-Oates
Keyword(s):  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Rhizobium Tropici ◽  
Methyl Transferase ◽  
Mesorhizobium Loti ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Rhizobial Species ◽  
Acetyl Group

ABSTRACT The products of the rhizobial nodulation genes are involved in the biosynthesis of lipochitin oligosaccharides (LCOs), which are host-specific signal molecules required for nodule formation. The presence of an O-acetyl group on C-6 of the nonreducingN-acetylglucosamine residue of LCOs is due to the enzymatic activity of NodL. Here we show that transfer of the nodLgene into four rhizobial species that all normally produce LCOs that are not modified on C-6 of the nonreducing terminal residue results in production of LCOs, the majority of which have an acetyl residue substituted on C-6. Surprisingly, in transconjugant strains ofMesorhizobium loti, Rhizobium etli, and Rhizobium tropici carrying nodL, such acetylation of LCOs prevents the endogenous nodS-dependent transfer of theN-methyl group that is found as a substituent of the acylated nitrogen atom. To study this interference betweennodL and nodS, we have cloned thenodS gene of M. loti and used its product in in vitro experiments in combination with purified NodL protein. It has previously been shown that a chitooligosaccharide N deacetylated on the nonreducing terminus (the so-called NodBC metabolite) is the preferred substrate for NodS as well as for NodL. Here we show that the NodBC metabolite, acetylated by NodL, is not used by the NodS protein as a substrate while the NodL protein can acetylate the NodBC metabolite that has been methylated by NodS.

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