scholarly journals Necrotizing pneumonia caused Staphylococcus aureus

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-10
Author(s):  
V. B. Beloborodov
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Antibacterial Therapy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
The Body ◽  
Necrotizing Pneumonia ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infection

Necrotizing pneumonia caused by S. aureus is infrequent, but very serious illness with a high mortality. Pneumonia arises mainly in children and young adults, develops within several days is accompanied with multiple necroses in lung tissue, often leads to a lethal outcome. The feature ofpathogen is ability to formation ofpore-forming toxin destroying different cells in the body including polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The previous virus infection, for example flu, is considered a contributing factor or the co-infection which creates prerequisites for destruction ofneutrophils in lungs with appearance ofnecroses. S. aureus is not the most frequent causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia therefore empirical therapy does not include antibiotics with the activity against staphylococci which are sensitive or resistant to oxacyllin/meticyllin. As a result empirical regimen of antibacterial therapy appears not to be effective. Early clinical signs are a high fever, blood in the sputum, the presence of cavities in the lungs, a rapid increase in respiratory failure. The microscopy of sputum with detection o a large number of staphylococci allows to establish pathogen at an early stage, before obtaining results oif microbiological tests to prove application ofantibiotics active against staphylococci, and after receiving microbiological data to carry out the final correction ovf antibacterial therapy. Respiratory virus infection preceding peumonia or adverse epidemiological situation (flu epidemic) also is the justification for empiric application of anti-staphylococcal antibiotics in community acquired pneumonia.

scholarly journals Pathogenetic aspects of rabbits’ experimental infection caused by bovine leukemia virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (100) ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
T. A. Romanishina ◽  
D. V. Feschenko ◽  
G. O. Rinyak ◽  
V. V. Honcharenko ◽  
A. A. Macibora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Bovine Leukemia Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Leukemia Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Economic Losses

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an infectious disease of cattle, causing high economic losses worldwide, especially in the field of dairy farming. There is no common vision on the problem of interspecies transmission of BLV. Therefore, a detailed study of the etiologic relationship between leukemia in cattle and other animal species is relevant. Various laboratory animal models provide insight into the pathogenesis of viral infections. The article presents the research results of two series rabbits’ intravenous infection with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) using the culture antigen FLK-BLV and the blood of rabbits with clinical, hematological and immunological signs of viral tumor growth. Blood from all animals was taken from the ear vein after 14, 21, 30 days, and then monthly for six months: to study the morphological parameters of blood and to determine the titer of antibodies to BLV. Blood serum for the presence of antibodies to BLV was examined using a diagnostic kit for the indication of animals infected with the leukemia virus in an immunodiffusion reaction produced by LLC “SRE Veterinary Medicine”, Kharkiv. It was found that the stage of the BLV provirus in the blood leukogram of infected animals was characterized by pronounced lymphocytosis on the 21st day of the experiment. The highest concentration of antibodies to BLV in the blood serum was found on the 90th day after the administration of the virus-containing material, which disappeared from the blood on the 150–180th day after infection. In experimental rabbits, after five months for thirty days, in the absence of antibodies to leukemia in the blood serum, multiple tumors of a dense consistency began to develop throughout the body. Such clinical signs and changes in the of rabbits’ blood of the experimental group are characteristic of serologically positive cows on the hematological development stage of leukemic process and correlate with the results of domestic and foreign authors. The presence of a large number of lymphoblasts, as well as leukolysis cells, in the histological preparation of lymph nodes, lungs, heart and the accumulation of lymphocytes’ immature forms around the interlobular vessels of the liver, which were found in pathohistological studies of the experimental rabbits’ organs, may indicate the development of the leukemia process on early stage in them. The results obtained indicate the ability of BLV to overcome successfully the interspecies barrier upon parenteral ingestion of heterologous individuals from infected lymphocytes and in the form of a culture antigen.

scholarly journals PO 8492 REPEATED ARTEMISININ-BASED TREATMENT ON MALARIA SEXUAL PARASITE DISTRIBUTION IN POPULATION LIVING IN A MALARIA-ENDEMIC AREA OF BURKINA FASO

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A45.2-A45
Author(s):  
Amidou Diarra ◽  
Issiaka Soulama ◽  
Issa Nebie ◽  
Maurice Ouattara ◽  
Moise Kabore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Density ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Repeated Administration ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Feeding Experiments

BackgroundMalaria elimination and its ultimate eradication will require drugs targeting all stages of the parasite’s life cycle. Yet, very few drugs are known to be effective on the sexual stages (gametocytes) of Plasmodium falciparum. Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been shown to have some early-stage gametocytocidal effects on in vitro and in feeding experiments. However, field studies showed that artesunate reduces but does not prevent post-treatment transmission of P. falciparum to mosquitos.Methods763 children and adult patients with acute uncomplicated Plasmodium sp. malaria were included in a phase IIIb/IV comparative, randomised, multi-centre, open label, parallel 3-arm clinical trial to assess safety and efficacy of repeated administration of pyronaridine-artesunate, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine or artemether-lumefantrine or artesunate-amodiaquine over a two-year period. Drugs were given based on the body weight and volunteers were followed up for 42 days. Clinical signs and symptoms were recorded and filter paper and blood smears collected during each visit. Malaria parasites were assessed and parasite density development stages determined by light microscopy.ResultsP. falciparum gametocyte was 1.9%, during the two years of follow-up. From the three treatment arms, artesunate-amodiaquine was the arm bearing more P. falciparum gametocyte with 68.7%, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine accounted for 6.3% and pyronaridine-artesunate for 25%. P. falciparum gametocyte was more pronounced in populations having parasite density ≤1 00 000 parasites/µl compared to above parasitaemia.ConclusionRepeated ACTs treatment didn’t clear P. falciparum gametocyte in a population infected with uncomplicated malaria.

Review on etio-pathogenesis and diagnostic approach of Amavata.

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Gamaji Pairkao ◽  
Arun Dudhamal
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Quality Life ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms

Amavata is a one of the difficult disease for clinicians due to it’s chronicity, incurability, complications, and morbidity. It is chronic disease as it needs repeated hospitalization so it put economic burden on family members and poor quality life. Madhavkara had described etiopathoganesis and clinical presentation of the disease briefly before thousands of years. Amavata is a multisystemic illness can be caused by vitiation of Vata and generation of Ama in the body which has articular as well as extra articular manifestations. Rheumatisim and Amavata have great similarities in the clinical presentation. Amavata can be clinically identical with any of the rheumatic disorder. Diagnosis of Amavata is not difficult in patient when it’s clinical presentation is classical but it may be confusing in a early stage.  In Amavata most of the clincical features are nominal and categorical there is wide range of clinical signs and symptoms narrated in Madhavakara So the diagnosis often made by some degree of subjective interpretation of clinician. To make a valid, reliable, consistent diagnosis of Amavata some pathological investigations can be included in the diagnostic criteria of Amavata. This study gives insight into review of diagnostic criteria of Amavata .

Current Issues of Empirical Therapy of Severe Bacterial Community-Acquired Pneumonia During the Season of Respiratory Viral Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
V. B. Beloborodov ◽  
I. A. Kovalev ◽  
G. V. Sapronov
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Adverse Event Rate

Progredient growth of morbidity and mortality of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) requires optimization of treatment including antibacterial therapy. Implementation of molecular-genetic methods of diagnostics of viral and viral-bacterial infections in clinical practice has significantly augmented the conception of etiology of community-acquired pneumonia. Seasonal fluctuation of CAP prevalence corresponds with growth of morbidity of acute respiratory infections and influenza which contribute to the etiological structure of CAP by increasing the risk of infection caused by staphylococci. The synergy between influenza A virus and S.aureus has been shown; it is associated with an increase of virus replication in the presence of specific staphylococcal proteases and the ability of viruses to increase adhesion of S.aureusin the respiratory tract, to decrease phagocytosis of S.aureus by macrophages/neutrophils and production of antimicrobial peptides, as well as to increase the probability of secondary bacterial co-infection. Therefore, the most important requirement for the empiric therapy agents of CAP is high streptococcal and staphylococcal activity. According to the current guidelines on antimicrobial therapy of severe CAP, antipneumococcic cephalosporins, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones are the basic treatment agents, but none of them have the combined high antistaphylococcal and antipneumococcal activity inherent in ceftaroline. The advantages of ceftaroline over ceftriaxone and levofloxacin in terms of the probability of reaching target concentrations for clinically relevant pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters are shown. Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials showed the higher clinical efficacy of ceftaroline in comparison to ceftriaxone with similar adverse event rate. Summarized analysis of antibiotic susceptibility data, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic and clinical data, as well as negative epidemiological trends confirms the necessity of optimization of antimicrobial therapy of CAP for implementation of ceftaroline advantages against pneumococci and staphylococci in comparison to other β-lactams. Therefore, empiric treatment with ceftaroline is the most rational option for the therapy of CAP in critically ill patients during the season of respiratory viral infection.

Characteristics of Respiratory Virus Infection During the Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Beijing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Jiangshan Wang ◽  
Chunting Wang ◽  
Qiwen Yang ◽  
Yingchun Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

scholarly journals Investigation of an EHV-1 Outbreak in the United States Caused by a New H752 Genotype

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 747
Author(s):  
Nicola Pusterla ◽  
Samantha Barnum ◽  
Julia Miller ◽  
Sarah Varnell ◽  
Barbara Dallap-Schaer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Amino Acid Position ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
The United States ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
Flunixin Meglumine ◽  
Nasal Secretions

Here we report on an EHV-1 outbreak investigation caused by a novel genotype H752 (histidine in amino acid position 752 of the ORF 30 gene). The outbreak involved 31 performance horses. Horses were monitored over a period of 35 days for clinical signs, therapeutic outcome and qPCR results of EHV-1 in blood and nasal secretions. The morbidity of the EHV-1 outbreak was 84% with 26 clinically infected horses displaying fever and less frequently anorexia and distal limb edema. Four horses showed mild transient neurological deficits. Clinically diseased horses experienced high viral load of EHV-1 in blood and/or nasal secretions via qPCR, while subclinically infected horses had detectable EHV-1 mainly in nasal secretions. The majority of infected horses showed a rise in antibody titers to EHV-1 during the outbreak. All 31 horses were treated with valacyclovir, while clinically infected horses further received flunixin meglumine and sodium heparin. This investigation highlights various relevant aspects of an EHV-1 outbreak caused by a new H752 genotype: (i) importance of early detection of EHV-1 infection; (ii) diagnostic challenge to assess H752 genotype; (iii) apparent benefit of valacyclovir use in the early stage of the outbreak; and (iv) weekly testing of blood and nasal secretions by qPCR in order to monitor individual infection status and lift quarantine.

scholarly journals Fabry Cardiomyopathy: Current Practice and Future Directions

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1532
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Yim ◽  
Olivia Yau ◽  
Darwin F. Yeung ◽  
Teresa S. M. Tsang
Keyword(s):  
Fabry Disease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cardiac Biomarkers ◽  
Dried Blood Spot ◽  
Point Of Care Ultrasound ◽  
Enzyme Replacement ◽  
Blood Spot

Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the galactosidase A (GLA) gene that result in deficient galactosidase A enzyme and subsequent accumulation of glycosphingolipids throughout the body. The result is a multi-system disorder characterized by cutaneous, corneal, cardiac, renal, and neurological manifestations. Increased left ventricular wall thickness represents the predominant cardiac manifestation of FD. As the disease progresses, patients may develop arrhythmias, advanced conduction abnormalities, and heart failure. Cardiac biomarkers, point-of-care dried blood spot testing, and advanced imaging modalities including echocardiography with strain imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with T1 mapping now allow us to detect Fabry cardiomyopathy much more effectively than in the past. While enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has been the mainstay of treatment, several promising therapies are now in development, making early diagnosis of FD even more crucial. Ongoing initiatives involving artificial intelligence (AI)-empowered interpretation of echocardiographic images, point-of-care dried blood spot testing in the echocardiography laboratory, and widespread dissemination of point-of-care ultrasound devices to community practices to promote screening may lead to more timely diagnosis of FD. Fabry disease should no longer be considered a rare, untreatable disease, but one that can be effectively identified and treated at an early stage before the development of irreversible end-organ damage.

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