Clinical - pathogenetical features of Cryptococcus meningoencephalitis in patients with HIV infection

The purpose of research - the study of clinical and pathogenetical features of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (CME) in patients with HIV infection for the improvement of the efficiency of diagnosis and treatment. Materials and Methods. There are presented the results of the study of 67 cases of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in patients with HIV infection. There was performed an assessment of the clinical picture and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which was consisted of direct microscopy, cultural method and PCR. Also pathomorphological data of deceased patients have been analyzed. Results of the study. The clinical picture of CME was mildly pronounced and not constant. Dominant complaint is constant headache diffuse in character. Meningeal symptoms are uncertain or absent. CSF changes are not specific, most informative methods are PCR and mycological study of CSF. The fatality was causedfirst ofall by the development of edema-brain swelling and the dislocation of stem structures. Conclusion. The clinical picture of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis is caused first of all by destructive processes in brain tissue and progression of the development of edema-brain swelling. The clinical picture is poorly pronounced and is not constant, therefore to all patients with HIV infection in the presence of long-term headache the CSF examination is indicated even in the absence of meningeal symptoms.

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Myelodysplastic features in patients with long-term HIV infection and haemophilia

Haemophilia ◽

10.1046/j.1365-2516.2001.00445.x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 47-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

O. Katsarou ◽

E. Terpos ◽

E. Patsouris ◽

P. Peristeris ◽

N. Viniou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hiv Infection

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Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection of stage 4 (severely symptomatic stage) in the practice of a health professional

Terapevt (General Physician) ◽

10.33920/med-12-2005-04 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 27-34

Author(s):

A. Nikitina ◽

A. Rusanova ◽

A. Zhilenkova

Keyword(s):

Hiv Infection ◽

Health Professional ◽

Clinical Picture ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Significant Problem ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Modern World ◽

Infected People ◽

Stage 4 ◽

Future Practice

HIV infection is a significant problem in the modern world, because there are more and more infected people every year. This article will consider: the clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of this disease in different countries. Based on these data, the following conclusions will be made to help doctors in their future practice correctly approach the diagnosis and treatment of patients with this disease.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Long-term nonprogression of HIV infection in children: evaluation of the ANRS prospective French Pediatric Cohort.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1091420.545866 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

William Shearer

Keyword(s):

Hiv Infection

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Persistent cognitive impairment associated with cerebrospinal fluid anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies six months after mild COVID-19

Neurological Research and Practice ◽

10.1186/s42466-021-00135-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Max Borsche ◽

Dirk Reichel ◽

Anja Fellbrich ◽

Anne S. Lixenfeld ◽

Johann Rahmöller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Nervous System ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Female Patient ◽

Acute Phase ◽

Neuropsychological Testing ◽

Important Challenge ◽

Central Nervous System Invasion

AbstractNeurological long-term sequelae are increasingly considered an important challenge in the recent COVID-19 pandemic. However, most evidence for neurological symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection and central nervous system invasion of the virus stems from individuals severely affected in the acute phase of the disease. Here, we report long-lasting cognitive impairment along with persistent cerebrospinal fluid anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a female patient with unremarkable standard examination 6 months after mild COVID-19, supporting the implementation of neuropsychological testing and specific cerebrospinal fluid investigation also in patients with a relatively mild acute disease phase.

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Neuroinflammatory changes of the normal brain tissue in cured mice following combined radiation and anti-PD-1 blockade therapy for glioma

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-84600-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mariano Guardia Clausi ◽

Alexander M. Stessin ◽

Zirun Zhao ◽

Stella E. Tsirka ◽

Samuel Ryu

Keyword(s):

Brain Tissue ◽

Cranial Irradiation ◽

Subcortical White Matter ◽

Glioma Cell Line ◽

Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽

Normal Brain ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Normal Brain Tissue ◽

Molecule Inhibitor

AbstractThe efficacy of combining radiation therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitor blockade to treat brain tumors is currently the subject of multiple investigations and holds significant therapeutic promise. However, the long-term effects of this combination therapy on the normal brain tissue are unknown. Here, we examined mice that were intracranially implanted with murine glioma cell line and became long-term survivors after treatment with a combination of 10 Gy cranial irradiation (RT) and anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade (aPD-1). Post-mortem analysis of the cerebral hemisphere contralateral to tumor implantation showed complete abolishment of hippocampal neurogenesis, but neural stem cells were well preserved in subventricular zone. In addition, we observed a drastic reduction in the number of mature oligodendrocytes in the subcortical white matter. Importantly, this observation was evident specifically in the combined (RT + aPD-1) treatment group but not in the single treatment arm of either RT alone or aPD-1 alone. Elimination of microglia with a small molecule inhibitor of colony stimulated factor-1 receptor (PLX5622) prevented the loss of mature oligodendrocytes. These results identify for the first time a unique pattern of normal tissue changes in the brain secondary to combination treatment with radiotherapy and immunotherapy. The results also suggest a role for microglia as key mediators of the adverse treatment effect.

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Extracellular fluid, cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biomarkers of axonal and neuronal injury following intracerebral hemorrhage

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-96364-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lovisa Tobieson ◽

Henrik Zetterberg ◽

Kaj Blennow ◽

Niklas Marklund

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽

Brain Tissue ◽

Single Molecule ◽

Tissue Injury ◽

Extracellular Fluid ◽

Neurofilament Light ◽

Aβ Peptides ◽

Post Surgery ◽

Fluid Compartments

AbstractSpontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most devastating form of stroke. To refine treatments, improved understanding of the secondary injury processes is needed. We compared energy metabolic, amyloid and neuroaxonal injury biomarkers in extracellular fluid (ECF) from the perihemorrhagic zone (PHZ) and non-injured (NCX) brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma. Patients (n = 11; age 61 ± 10 years) undergoing ICH surgery received two microdialysis (MD) catheters, one in PHZ, and one in NCX. ECF was analysed at three time intervals within the first 60 h post- surgery, as were CSF and plasma samples. Amyloid-beta (Aβ) 40 and 42, microtubule associated protein tau (tau), and neurofilament-light (NF-L) were analysed using Single molecule array (Simoa) technology. Median biomarker concentrations were lowest in plasma, higher in ECF and highest in CSF. Biomarker levels varied over time, with different dynamics in the three fluid compartments. In the PHZ, ECF levels of Aβ40 were lower, and tau higher when compared to the NCX. Altered levels of Aβ peptides, NF-L and tau may reflect brain tissue injury following ICH surgery. However, the dynamics of biomarker levels in the different fluid compartments should be considered in the study of pathophysiology or biomarkers in ICH patients.

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Unmapped exome reads implicate a role for Anelloviridae in childhood HIV-1 long-term non-progression

npj Genomic Medicine ◽

10.1038/s41525-021-00185-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Savannah Mwesigwa ◽

◽

Lesedi Williams ◽

Gaone Retshabile ◽

Eric Katagirya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hiv Infection ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Strong Association ◽

Community Diversity ◽

Added Value ◽

Sequencing Platform ◽

Public Health Burden ◽

Survival Status ◽

Significant Public Health

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a significant public health burden globally. The role of viral co-infection in the rate of progression of HIV infection has been suggested but not empirically tested, particularly among children. We extracted and classified 42 viral species from whole-exome sequencing (WES) data of 813 HIV-infected children in Botswana and Uganda categorised as either long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) or rapid progressors (RPs). The Ugandan participants had a higher viral community diversity index compared to Batswana (p = 4.6 × 10−13), and viral sequences were more frequently detected among LTNPs than RPs (24% vs 16%; p = 0.008; OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.6–2.3), with Anelloviridae showing strong association with LTNP status (p = 3 × 10−4; q = 0.004, OR, 3.99; 95% CI, 1.74–10.25). This trend was still evident when stratified by country, sex, and sequencing platform, and after a logistic regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, country, and the sequencing platform (p = 0.02; q = 0.03; OR, 7.3; 95% CI, 1.6–40.5). Torque teno virus (TTV), which made up 95% of the Anelloviridae reads, has been associated with reduced immune activation. We identify an association between viral co-infection and prolonged AIDs-free survival status that may have utility as a biomarker of LTNP and could provide mechanistic insights to HIV progression in children, demonstrating the added value of interrogating off-target WES reads in cohort studies.

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