scholarly journals Practical remarks on hydrophobia (Rabies): publication of Enegolm, Medical Doctor, State Counselor and Chevalier of Russian Empire (1811)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena V. Volchkova
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Medical Doctor ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Day By Day

Rabies, an outdated name for hydrophobia, has been known since ancient times, and even then its occurrence was associated with the bites of dogs and wolves. The only way to prevent the development of this disease was considered to be cauterization of the wound to destroy the poison contained in the saliva of an animal stricken with rabies. The article of the doctor, the actual state councilor Enegolm "Practical remarks on hydrophobia" published in No. 1 of the General Journal of Medical Science for 1811, really contains a detailed description of all the approaches to the treatment of hydrophobia that existed then, although, as the author notes, without any benefit. Nevertheless, even today, in the 21st century, the article is of great interest to doctors, since in the most detailed way, very emotionally, with empathy for the patient, he describes day by day the development of the clinical picture of the disease, forgotten by many modern doctors. The article contains recommendations for preventing the spread of rabies both in urban and rural areas, which does not lose its relevance today, given the problems associated with the widespread growth of the population of stray animals, in particular dogs and cats.

scholarly journals The Abortion – a Crime or Personal Right of Every Woman (the Сase of Sub-Russian Ukraine 19th – Beginning of the 20th centuries.)

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-31
Author(s):  
Maryna Krugliak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
The Public ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Russian Empire

The purpose of the article is to trace the evolution of the attitude of the authorities and the public (both in urban and rural areas) of sub-Russian Ukraine to abortion during the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. punishment for this crime. The methodology of research is based on a combination of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, systematization) and special-historical methods (historical-structural, constructive-genetic, historical-comparative) with the principles of historicism, objectivity, systemicity, verification. Scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time in domestic and foreign historiography there was made an attempt to comprehensively consider the problem of abortion in the Russian Empire in the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. (the case of sub-Russian Ukraine), in particular, the peculiarities of the attitude to abortion by the state and the public were determined, a comparative analysis of the reasons for their commission, conditions and means of abortion, availability of such operations in rural areas and in modernized cities. Conclusions. The legislation of the Russian Empire considered abortion as a criminal offense, the punishment for which was quite severe, although with a tendency to liberalize (from exile to Siberia and beatings with a whip to imprisonment for several years). Despite criminal liability, at the beginning of the 20-th century, abortions have become an integral part of the daily lives of the cities. Punishment for such “crimes” was infrequent, mostly only when the case gained considerable media coverage or when the operation resulted in the patient's death. Attitudes toward abortion in cities and villages were different: traditional Ukrainian culture condemned abortion as a crime against the unborn child, an attempt on moral norms and values, and a social hierarchy. In cities, attitudes toward abortion were more pragmatic; such operations were most often performed for material reasons, in the case of the lower class, or to avoid shame and to entertain (concealment of the fact of extramarital pregnancy by married nobles, etc. “new women”). On the eve of the World War I, the advanced public advocated the decriminalization of abortion.

scholarly journals Rural and urban prevalence of sexual assault against women in an African population

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 628-635
Author(s):  
Adeleke NA ◽  
Adebimpe WO ◽  
Farinloye EO ◽  
Olowookere AS
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background: Sexual assault is about the most dehumanizing form of gender based violence against women worldwide. Nigeria and many other countries in Africa do not have National data on women sexual assault. This survey is aimed at generating data on sexual assault against women in Osun state, Nigeria. Objective: To determine the patterns of sexual assault against women in Urban and Rural areas of Osun State in South western Nigeria. Methodology: A cross section survey using interviewer administered questionnaire was carried out among selected 1,200 women aged 15 years and above in urban and rural areas, between August and December 2014. The questionnaire was patterned after WHO Multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence data instrument. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.0. Results: Mean age of the respondents was 23.75 ±(13.22) years in rural area, in the urban area it was 27.69 ±(10.23) years. 46 % and 54 % were married in urban and rural areas respectively. The prevalence of completed rape was 10.0 % in urban and 9.2 % in rural, while that of attempted rape was 31.4 % and 20.0 % in the urban and rural area respectively. Women in the rural areas experienced repeat sexual assault and suffered non-genital injuries more the in urban area. Having partner and living in urban area were associated with female sexual assault. Conclusions: Sexual assault against women constitutes public health issue in Osun state with rural women incurring greater negative health consequences. Primary prevention strategies should focus at young men and women in both rural and urban areas of the state. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(3) 2019 p.628-635

Where Do People Live Longer in Russia in the 21st century? Life Expectancy across Urban and Rural areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey Shchur ◽  
Vladimir M. Shkolnikov ◽  
Sergey Timonin ◽  
Evgeny Andreev ◽  
David A. Leon
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

scholarly journals Urban and rural areas as defined by population density in Japan

2002 ◽  
Vol 69 (415-417) ◽  
pp. 331-332
Author(s):  
Haruhiko Goto
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Graduate School ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
City Planning ◽  
World Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The City

Dr Goto, an architect and town planner with an MSc in Architecture and a Ph. D in City Planning from Waseda University, Japan, formerly Vice-Dean of the Graduate School, is now Professor of Urban Design at the same university. He is also a Principal of Kankyo to Zokei Inc., Architecture and Urban Design, Tokyo, and a member of the World Society for Ekistics (WSE). The text that follows is a slightly edited and revised version of a paper presented at the WSE Symposion "Defining Success of the City in the 21st Century," Berlin, 24-28 October, 2001.

scholarly journals Anticipation & Advancement of DTH Service in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Israt Moriom Khan ◽  
Sabrina Quadir ◽  
Sanjida Islam
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Mobile Banking ◽  
Picture Quality ◽  
Television Industry ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Pie Chart ◽  
Day By Day ◽  
Analyze Data

DTH (Direct-To-Home) TV is one of the important inventions which created a revolution in the television industry by the grace of modern technology and achieving popularity day by day. The objective of the study was to analyze the advancement and to find the anticipation and impact of DTH service in Bangladesh. Primary and secondary data both were used in this research paper. The conducting period of this research was from April - August of 2021 surveying a questionnaire of 560 participants in both urban and rural areas of 8 divisions in Bangladesh. To analyze data and present the result simple statistical tools; pie-chart, bar diagram and tables were used. The findings revealed most of the users use DTH TV for its clear picture quality, payment through mobile banking & the promotional benefits of numerous HD channels. DTH providers should enhance their features and the level services with the updated technology.

scholarly journals Spatial trends of fertility rates in Finland between 1980 and 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Lassi Lainiala ◽  
Venla Berg
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Spatial Trends ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Recent research has shown that in many Western countries fertility rates are highest in suburban areas and lower in urban and rural areas. Here, we illustrate the changing patterns of spatial fertility in Finland between 1980 and 2014. Fertility in Finland started conforming the high suburban pattern during the 1990’s. This interestingly predates the first large scale urban sprawl (i.e., positive net migration in suburban areas) in the first decade of the 21st century in Finland.

scholarly journals Environmental Challenges and Developmental Requirements in Mountains During 21st Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Narayan Purohit
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Environmental Challenges ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Environmentally Sound

Mountains are unique resource-rich ecosystems characterized by diverse environments owing to their topography, climatic variability and harboring a rich biodiversity. However, the global pace of development has not left these regions untouched posing serious environmental challenges endangering their resourcefulness. In spite of the 'environment friendly' or ‘environmentally sound' concept of development, generally the development is perceived as antagonistic to the health of the environment that of course can be visualized in many cases. Lack of location specific appropriate technology as tool for development in tune with the environmental concerns compounds the problem. There are differences in the perceptions and reality with respect to mountains. The mountain people consider disparity in the pace of development between hills and plains, urban and rural areas within the mountains and more developed and less developed hill villages leading to feel of alienation. A holistic approach of environmentally sound development is difficult to achieve due to differences in the perceptions of different stakeholders with respect to their motives at individual and society level. True change is possible only when it begins in persons who advocate the change. Thus a complete shift in the behaviour, attitude, perception and practices with the element of philosophy is needed to set tone for the environment-development synergy.

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