X-ray and radium beams in the therapy of nervous diseases

1930 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-199
Author(s):  
R. Ya. Gasul
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Empirical Finding ◽  
Biological Action ◽  
First Year ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray

It's no secret that the therapeutic effect of X-rays and radium rays was, one might say, an accidental empirical finding. This, however, did not mark the first radiotherapists (who were dermatologists) without data on the biological action of X-rays and radium rays, without an exact dosage, intuitively, in the very first year after the significant discoveries of Rontgen and Kunie, these radiant factors were initially applied in the field of dermatology (before 1902 they did not know anything about the deep action of the rays).

scholarly journals Determining rotational deformity in broken forearms

2003 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. M. Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Differential Calculus ◽  
Practical Problem ◽  
Rotation Angle ◽  
First Year ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Conic Sections ◽  
Rotational Deformity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
University Mathematics ◽  
First Year University

AbstractTo assess rotational deformity in a broken forearm, an orthopaedic surgeon needs to determine the amount of rotation of the radius from one or more two-dimensional x-rays of the fracture. This requires only simple first-year university mathematics — rotational transformations of ellipses plus a little differential calculus — which yields a general formula giving the rotation angle from information obtained from an x-ray. Preliminary comparisons with experimental results are excellent. This is a practical problem that may be useful to motivate the teaching of conic sections.

PROXIMA 2A: A New Micro-focus Beamline for Macromolecular Crystallography

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C1672-C1672
Author(s):  
Denis Duran ◽  
Sebastien Le Couster ◽  
Gavin Fox ◽  
Roger Fourme ◽  
Rob Meijers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Protein Structures ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
First Year ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Macromolecular Crystallography ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Beam Position ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Area Detector

PROXIMA 2A is a new micro-focus and energy tunable beamline dedicated to biological macromolecular crystallography at Synchrotron SOLEIL. The beamline officially opened in March 2013, and its first year of user operation has yielded excellent results. The X-ray source is a powerful in-vacuum U24 undulator coupled to a cryo-cooled Si[111] channel-cut monochromator and a pair of focussing bimorph mirrors in Kirpatrick-Baez configuration. This combination delivers a photon flux of over 10**12 ph/s into a focal spot of 10 μm × 5 μm (H×V FWHM), which is tunable over 6 – 15 keV. The supports of the optical elements have been designed to minimise the effects of vibrations and thermal dilations on the X-ray beam position, which is stable to within 5 microns over a day. The experimental station consists of a high performance micro-diffractometer, a cryostream, an area detector (ADSC Q315r), and an X-ray fluorescence detector. The X-ray energies for MAD experiments are directly calibrated on the sample. A robot equipped with a large 9 uni-puck dewar (CATS Irelec) is available to users for the automated transfer and screening of cryo-cooled samples. The users launch their experiments via an MXCuBE interface [1], which permits the centering of the sample, collecting of diffraction images, recording of X-ray spectra and the transfer of samples. The X-ray diffraction data are of an excellent quality, and the users readily exploit the micro-focused X-rays to select the best zones of their crystals. The first year of results from users has yielded a variety of success stories including novel protein structures resolved from crystals as small as 5 microns, as well as those solved by SAD & MAD methods. The future perspectives include automated helical and grid scans, in situ plate screening and multi-crystal merging techniques.

scholarly journals The differential action of X-rays on tissue growth and vitality.―Part I

1929 ◽  
Vol 105 (738) ◽  
pp. 402-421 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Action ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Living Matter ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Technical Procedure ◽  
Component Wave ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Differential Action

The investigation of the biological action of homogeneous X-radiation of different wave-lengths was commenced because many clinical observations point to the existence of what has been termed differential action, although theoretical considerations do not support such a view. Differential action may be defined as the association of changes in living matter with certain special wave-lengths in the X-ray spectrum. The investigation was performed with the chorio-allantoic membrane of the embryo which. The X-ray spectrometer was used as a source of the different radiations. A fine pencil of X-rays impinges on a crystal, various component wave-lengths being reflected at corresponding angles connected by the formula the investigation of the biological action of bomogeneous X-radiation of different wave-lengths was commenced because m any clinical observations point to the existence of what has been termed differential action, although theoretical considerations do not support such a view. differential action may by defined as tbs association of changes in living matter with certain special wave-lengths in the X-ray spectrum. The investigation was performed with chorio-allantoic membrane of the embryo which. The X-ray spectrometer was used as a source of the different radiations. A fine pencil of X-rays impinges on a crystal, various component wave-lengths being reflected at corresponding angles connected by the formula λ = 2 d sin θ (fig. 1, p. 405.). This gives a radiation which is very nearly homogeneous, but the energy is exceedingly small, a fact which has no doubt deterred many previous workers from using this method. The present paper is an extension and confirmation of certain observations contained in a preliminary communication to the ' Medical Journal of Australia .' A selective action by different wave-lengths is described and the subject matter is arranged as follows: ( a ) The chorio-allantoio membrane and related structures are described; ( b ) the technical procedure of exposing the specimen to X-radiation is given, followed by ( c ) an account of the X-ray effects obtained, with details of their development and their relation to control experiments; ( d ) a systematic exploration of the X-ray spectrum is then described, giving microscopic results, which are expressed graphically, and details of confirmatory experiments, followed by ( e ) a brisk account of the microscopic examination. A general discussion ( f ) follows, in which the form, graphical expression, and the relationship of stimulation to destruction is considered. An apparent neutralisation between different wave-lengths in their biological action is also discussed and the technical procedure and form of tire graphs is considered in this respect. In the concluding remark ( g ) Zeleotive action is considered in relation to the atomic structure of the tissue and the main deductions are summarised.

scholarly journals X-ray photon diagnostics at the European XFEL

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1422-1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Grünert ◽  
Marc Planas Carbonell ◽  
Florian Dietrich ◽  
Torben Falk ◽  
Wolfgang Freund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Electron ◽  
Repetition Rate ◽  
Free Electron Laser ◽  
First Year ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Beam Transport ◽  
Beam Position ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Beam Delivery

The European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (European XFEL) (Altarelli et al., 2006; Tschentscher et al., 2017), the world's largest and brightest X-ray free-electron laser (Saldin et al., 1999; Pellegrini et al., 2016), went into operation in 2017. This article describes the as-built realization of photon diagnostics for this facility, the diagnostics commissioning and their application for commissioning of the facility, and results from the first year of operation, focusing on the SASE1 beamline, which was the first to be commissioned. The commissioning consisted of pre-beam checkout, first light from the bending magnets, X-rays from single undulator segments, SASE tuning with many undulator segments, first lasing, optics alignment for FEL beam transport through the tunnel up to the experiment hutches, and finally beam delivery to first users. The beam properties assessed by photon diagnostics throughout these phases included per-pulse intensity, beam position, shape, lateral dimensions and spectral properties. During this time period, the machine provided users with up to 14 keV photon energy, 1.5 mJ pulse energy, 300 FEL pulses per train and 4.5 MHz intra-bunch train repetition rate at a 10 Hz train repetition rate. Finally, an outlook is given into the diagnostic prospects for the future.

Exosat Observations of X-Rays from Classical Novae during Outburst Stage

1987 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 279-279
Author(s):  
H. Ögelman ◽  
J. Krautter ◽  
K. Beuermann
Keyword(s):  
White Dwarf ◽  
Central Star ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Infrared Range ◽  
First Year ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Core Mass ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Classical Novae ◽  
Bolometric Luminosity

AbstractThe initial discovery of soft X-rays from Nova Muscae 1983 was followed by eight additional observations of the three brightest novae whose outburst stage coincided with the lifetime of EXOSAT satellite; namely three more observations of Nova Muscae 1983, three observations of Nova Vulpeculae 1984 # 1 (PW Vul), and two observations of Nova Vulpeculae 1984 # 2. Through these observations we sampled the soft X-ray light curve of classical novae from optical maximum to ~ 900 days after. The observations seem best explained by the constant bolometric luminosity model of a hot white dwarf remnant. Although the measurements suffer from limited statistics, very broad energy bandpass, and incomplete sampling of any single nova, their constraints on the theories of nova outburst are significant. One constraint is that the lifetime of the white dwarf remnant in Nova Muscae 1983 is ~ 2 to 3 years, which leads to the conclusion that the burned envelope mass Mburn should be of the order of . The second constraint is that the maximum temperature, of the white dwarf remnant should approximately be within 200 000 K to 400 000 K. We estimate that a white dwarf remnant evolving like the central star of a planetary nebula, with core mass of 0.8 to 0.9 M⊙, core luminosity of ~ 2 × 104L⊙, and envelope mass of 10−6M⊙, can explain the general characteristics of the X-ray measurements for Nova Muscae 1983. In order to have ≥ 1.1 M⊙ core mass, estimated from the early observations of bolometric luminosity in the UV to infrared range, a wind with Ṁ ≤ 5 × 10−7M⊙yr−1 appears to be necessary. The few observations of Nova Vulpeculae 1984 # 1 and Nova Vulpeculae 1984 # 2 , during the first year after outburst, give a risetime and intensity that is consistent with a constant bolometric luminosity model.

scholarly journals THE KILLING OF COLON BACILLI BY X-RAYS OF DIFFERENT WAVE LENGTHS

1930 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 769-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph W. G. Wyckoff
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Biological Action ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Linear Fashion ◽  
Air Ionization

X-ray beams of wave lengths lying in the range between 4 A and 0.5 A all kill B. coli in a semilogarithmically linear fashion. Interpreted in terms of the known quantized absorption of X-rays, this means that one absorption of any of these radiations is sufficient to kill. Though death results from a single absorption, only about one hit in four with Ag K and one in sixty with Ag L radiation is deadly. The course of curves constructed from these experimental results suggests that the portion of this bacterium which is essential to its continued life has a total of approximately 0.01 of the cell volume. For copper and harder radiations the biological action of the rays is proportional to their measured air ionization. The same biological change with the softer chromium K. and silver L X-rays seems to require a somewhat more intensely ionizing beam.

scholarly journals Intensive disc-reverberation mapping of Fairall 9: first year of Swift and LCO monitoring

2020 ◽  
Vol 498 (4) ◽  
pp. 5399-5416
Author(s):  
J V Hernández Santisteban ◽  
R Edelson ◽  
K Horne ◽  
J M Gelbord ◽  
A J Barth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Spectral Energy Distribution ◽  
Accretion Disc ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
First Year ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Reverberation Mapping ◽  
Line Region ◽  
Continuum Contribution

ABSTRACT We present results of time-series analysis of the first year of the Fairall 9 intensive disc-reverberation campaign. We used Swift and the Las Cumbres Observatory global telescope network to continuously monitor Fairall 9 from X-rays to near-infrared at a daily to subdaily cadence. The cross-correlation function between bands provides evidence for a lag spectrum consistent with the τ ∝ λ4/3 scaling expected for an optically thick, geometrically thin blackbody accretion disc. Decomposing the flux into constant and variable components, the variable component’s spectral energy distribution is slightly steeper than the standard accretion disc prediction. We find evidence at the Balmer edge in both the lag and flux spectra for an additional bound-free continuum contribution that may arise from reprocessing in the broad-line region. The inferred driving light curve suggests two distinct components, a rapidly variable (<4 d) component arising from X-ray reprocessing, and a more slowly varying (>100 d) component with an opposite lag to the reverberation signal.

Evaluation of a mobile X-ray service for elderly residents of residential aged care facilities

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Montalto ◽  
Simon Shay ◽  
Andy Le
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioners ◽  
Aged Care ◽  
Residential Aged Care ◽  
First Year ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Aged Care Facilities ◽  
Residential Aged Care Facilities ◽  
The Impact

Objective The Royal Melbourne Hospital established a mobile X-ray service (MXS) in 2013. The goal of the MXS is to address the radiology needs of frail, elderly or demented residents of residential aged care facilities (RACFs) who would otherwise require transportation to attend for X-ray. The present study describes the activity of the MXS, and the impact of the MXS on emergency department (ED) attendances by residents of RACFs. Methods The study is a descriptive study and uses a before-and-after cohort approach. Activity for the first year of operation was collected and described. At the end of the first year of operation, the top 30 RACF users of the MXS were identified. The hospital Department of Radiology database was examined to find all plain X-rays performed on any patient presenting from the same 30 RACFs for the 1 year before commencement of the MXS (1 July 2012–30 June 2013) and for the 1 year period after the commencement of the MXS (1 July 2013–30 June 2014). Attendances were compared. Results The MXS delivered 1532 service attendances to 109 different RACFs. The mean age of patients receiving MXS services was 86 years (range 16–107 years). In all, 1124 services (73.4%) were delivered to patients in high-care RACFs. Most patients (n = 634; 41.4%) were bed or wheelchair bound, followed by those who required assistance to ambulate (n = 457; 29.8%). The most common X-ray examinations performed were chest, hip and pelvis, spine and abdomen. There were 919 service attendances to the top 30 RACFs using the MXS (60.0% of all attendances). There was an 11.5% reduction in ED presentations requiring plain X-ray in the year following the commencement of the MXS (95% confidence interval 0.62–3.98; P = 0.019). Conclusion The present study suggests a reduction in hospital ED attendances for high users of the MXS. This has benefits for hospitals, patients and nursing homes. It also allows the extension of other programs designed to treat patients in their RACFs. Special rebates for home-based radiology service provision should be considered. What is already known about this subject? Digital processing has changed the way radiology delivers services. The Australian community is in the middle of a shift towards an aging population, with a greater numbers of residents in RACFs. It has been suggested in previous studies that mobile X-ray reduces the rate of delirium in patients who require X-ray. What does this paper add? There is an unmet demand for MXS to residents of RACFs. MXS may reduce presentations by elderly residents of RACFs to hospital EDs for X-rays. MXS may assist general practitioners, and other innovative programs, such as Hospital in the Home and Inreach, to better manage care for patients in RACFs. What are the implications for practitioners? Providers of radiology services should examine the opportunities and benefits of establishing MXS. Funders of services should examine ways of rebating MXS to encourage further development. Hospitals (Hospital in the Home and Inreach services), RACFs and general practitioners should use mobile X-ray and integrate these services into their management of aged care delivered in RACFs.

White-Light Coronal Structures: Streamers and CMEs

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
E. Hildner
Keyword(s):  
Emission Line ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
White Light ◽  
Coronal Mass Ejections ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Temperature Function ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Eclipse Observations ◽  
Coronal Structures

AbstractOver the last twenty years, orbiting coronagraphs have vastly increased the amount of observational material for the whitelight corona. Spanning almost two solar cycles, and augmented by ground-based K-coronameter, emission-line, and eclipse observations, these data allow us to assess,inter alia: the typical and atypical behavior of the corona; how the corona evolves on time scales from minutes to a decade; and (in some respects) the relation between photospheric, coronal, and interplanetary features. This talk will review recent results on these three topics. A remark or two will attempt to relate the whitelight corona between 1.5 and 6 R⊙to the corona seen at lower altitudes in soft X-rays (e.g., with Yohkoh). The whitelight emission depends only on integrated electron density independent of temperature, whereas the soft X-ray emission depends upon the integral of electron density squared times a temperature function. The properties of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) will be reviewed briefly and their relationships to other solar and interplanetary phenomena will be noted.

Chemical Species Identification in an SEM by Changes in Emitted X-Ray Energies

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 570-571
Author(s):  
R. H. Duff
Keyword(s):  
Species Identification ◽  
Valence Electron ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Chemical Bonds ◽  
Small Shift ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electron Transitions ◽  
Peak Energy ◽  
Chemical Combination

A material irradiated with electrons emits x-rays having energies characteristic of the elements present. Chemical combination between elements results in a small shift of the peak energies of these characteristic x-rays because chemical bonds between different elements have different energies. The energy differences of the characteristic x-rays resulting from valence electron transitions can be used to identify the chemical species present and to obtain information about the chemical bond itself. Although these peak-energy shifts have been well known for a number of years, their use for chemical-species identification in small volumes of material was not realized until the development of the electron microprobe.

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