scholarly journals Physiological and psychological basis of aesthetics

2020 ◽  
Vol VII (2) ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
A. I. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Relative Position ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Laws Of Distribution

From colors and paints, we now turn to the form of objects, that is, to the presentation of aesthetic conditions and laws of distribution and combination of lines that limit the subject. Color, as we saw, depends on different excitations of different kinds of fibers of the optic nerve; the form depends on the number and relative position of the nerve fibers excited in this way. The eye, initially, can perceive only the length in its two dimensions, that is, the plane of the figure.

Melatonin As a Modulator of Degenerative and Regenerative Signaling Pathways in Injured Retinal Ganglion Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (28) ◽  
pp. 3057-3073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kobra B. Juybari ◽  
Azam Hosseinzadeh ◽  
Habib Ghaznavi ◽  
Mahboobeh Kamali ◽  
Ahad Sedaghat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Axon Growth ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Retinal Ganglion

Optic neuropathies refer to the dysfunction or degeneration of optic nerve fibers caused by any reasons including ischemia, inflammation, trauma, tumor, mitochondrial dysfunction, toxins, nutritional deficiency, inheritance, etc. Post-mitotic CNS neurons, including retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) intrinsically have a limited capacity for axon growth after either trauma or disease, leading to irreversible vision loss. In recent years, an increasing number of laboratory evidence has evaluated optic nerve injuries, focusing on molecular signaling pathways involved in RGC death. Trophic factor deprivation (TFD), inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, ischemia, hypoxia, etc. have been recognized as important molecular mechanisms leading to RGC apoptosis. Understanding these obstacles provides a better view to find out new strategies against retinal cell damage. Melatonin, as a wide-spectrum antioxidant and powerful freeradical scavenger, has the ability to protect RGCs or other cells against a variety of deleterious conditions such as oxidative/nitrosative stress, hypoxia/ischemia, inflammatory processes, and apoptosis. In this review, we primarily highlight the molecular regenerative and degenerative mechanisms involved in RGC survival/death and then summarize the possible protective effects of melatonin in the process of RGC death in some ocular diseases including optic neuropathies. Based on the information provided in this review, melatonin may act as a promising agent to reduce RGC death in various retinal pathologic conditions.

scholarly journals Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in the Retina and Optic Nerve of a Novel Glaucoma Mouse Model

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Reinhard ◽  
Susanne Wiemann ◽  
Sebastian Hildebrandt ◽  
Andreas Faissner
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Protein Tyrosine ◽  
Tenascin C ◽  
Iop Elevation

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and optic nerve fibers. Increased age and intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation are the main risk factors for developing glaucoma. Mice that are heterozygous (HET) for the mega-karyocyte protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (PTP-Meg2) show chronic and progressive IOP elevation, severe RGCs loss, and optic nerve damage, and represent a valuable model for IOP-dependent primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Previously, evidence accumulated suggesting that glaucomatous neurodegeneration is associated with the extensive remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. Unfortunately, little is known about the exact ECM changes in the glaucomatous retina and optic nerve. Hence, the goal of the present study was to comparatively explore ECM alterations in glaucomatous PTP-Meg2 HET and control wild type (WT) mice. Due to their potential relevance in glaucomatous neurodegeneration, we specifically analyzed the expression pattern of the ECM glycoproteins fibronectin, laminin, tenascin-C, and tenascin-R as well as the proteoglycans aggrecan, brevican, and members of the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta (RPTPβ/ζ) family. The analyses were carried out in the retina and optic nerve of glaucomatous PTP-Meg2 HET and WT mice using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), immunohistochemistry, and Western blot. Interestingly, we observed increased fibronectin and laminin levels in the glaucomatous HET retina and optic nerve compared to the WT group. RT-qPCR analyses of the laminins α4, β2 and γ3 showed an altered isoform-specific regulation in the HET retina and optic nerve. In addition, an upregulation of tenascin-C and its interaction partner RPTPβ/ζ/phosphacan was found in glaucomatous tissue. However, comparable protein and mRNA levels for tenascin-R as well as aggrecan and brevican were observed in both groups. Overall, our study showed a remodeling of various ECM components in the glaucomatous retina and optic nerve of PTP-Meg2 HET mice. This dysregulation could be responsible for pathological processes such as neovascularization, inflammation, and reactive gliosis in glaucomatous neurodegeneration.

An experimental anatomical study of the optic nerve fibers in the rat: Courses of the accessory optic tract

1983 ◽  
Vol 269 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Yamadori ◽  
Koh-En Yamauchi
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Nerve Fibers

The Reflective Skill – Constructive-Prognostic Analysis in Methodological Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-148
Author(s):  
Natasha Tzanova ◽  
◽  
Nadezhda Raycheva ◽  
Isa Hadjiali ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning Experience ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Prognostic Analysis ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Functional Part ◽  
Cognitive Experience ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Reflective Skills

In historical aspect, the skill is among the key categories in the realm of human practice, which are often an object of different researches – psychological, pedagogical, and last but not least methodological. This is a fact, because the skill is a vital term for the description of productivity of learning experience at least in two dimensions – personally fundamental, guaranteeing its effective functioning in different situations and personally pragmatic, as a multi-level transformation of the cognitive experience, for the completion of certain social roles and the necessary qualities of the subject for this. The skill is a blend between those two dimensions of productivity both in higher education and in secondary school. The reflective skills are a structural and functional part of the transformation of the cognitive, affective, and psycho-motor experience and as such are included in the individual educational reality of the subject, and to a higher degree it defines it. This is the reason why the constructive-prognostic analysis of the reflective skill in the area of Methodology is pointing at the answer of the questions: What is this, what is its structure, how does it get integrated in the system of skills, how does it form and develop. The answers of those questions are basis of its methodological decoding in the process of training teachers and students in Biology. All of this describes the territory of the methodological context of analysing the reflective skill.

scholarly journals The Determinants of Charity Misconduct

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diarmuid McDonnell ◽  
Alasdair C. Rutherford
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Regulatory Action ◽  
The Public ◽  
Administrative Dataset ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Public Scrutiny

Charities in the United Kingdom have been the subject of intense media, political, and public scrutiny in recent times; however, our understanding of the nature, extent, and determinants of charity misconduct is weak. Drawing upon a novel administrative dataset of 25,611 charities for the period 2006-2014 in Scotland, we develop models to predict two dimensions of charity misconduct: regulatory investigation and subsequent action. There have been 2,109 regulatory investigations of 1,566 Scottish charities over the study period, of which 31% resulted in regulatory action being taken. Complaints from members of the public are most likely to trigger an investigation, whereas the most common concerns relate to general governance and misappropriation of assets. Our multivariate analysis reveals a disconnect between the types of charities that are suspected of misconduct and those that are subject to subsequent regulatory action.

[3H]nicotine binding sites are associated with mammalian optic nerve terminals

1988 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen T. Prusky ◽  
Max S. Cynader
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Nerve Terminals ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine ◽  
Retinotectal Transmission

AbstractThe autoradiographic distribution of [3H]nicotine binding sites was examined in the superior colliculus in normal rats and cats, and in animals in which one or both eyes were removed. [3H]Nicotine binding sites in normal animals were densely concentrated in the superficial layers of the colliculus corresponding to the zone of termination of optic nerve fibers. Following bilateral enucleation, [3H]nicotine binding in the superficial collicular layers was drastically reduced. Unilateral enucleation markedly reduced [3H]nicotine binding sites in the colliculus contralateral to the removed eye, with little effect on the ipsilateral colliculus. These results provide further evidence that nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have a presynaptic location on optic tract terminals and may therefore modulate retinotectal transmission in both the rat and cat visual system.

scholarly journals Clinical lecture on the pre-certification cycle of doctors on the specialty "General practice-family medicine" on the subject "Mononeuropathy (Neuritis and Neuralgia) and Plexopathy (Plexitis and Plexaglia): etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnostics, t

2017 ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
V. Sereda ◽  
N. Svyrydova ◽  
I. Dovgiy
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Family Medicine ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Nerve Impulse ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Clinical Lecture

Neuralgia and neuritis (plexitis) are lesions of the peripheral nerves caused by hypothermia, infection, trauma, intoxication, and metabolic disorders. Neuralgia is characterized by pain arising along the course of a nerve or its branches. Neuritis is accompanied by sensitivity disorders, trophic disorders, paresis and paralysis, as well as those that perceive the nerve impulse (sensitivity) and motor functions. All this is associated with varying degrees of degeneration of nerve fibers until their breakdown.

scholarly journals Variability of interspike intervals in optic nerve fibers of Limulus: effect of light and dark adaptation.

1968 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 464-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ratliff ◽  
H. K. Hartline ◽  
D. Lange
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Dark Adaptation ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Interspike Intervals ◽  
Effect Of Light

Interocular Differences in Optic Nerve Head Topography of the Subjects With Unilateral Peripapillary Myelinated Nerve Fibers

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 539-542
Author(s):  
Mustafa Ünal ◽  
İclal Yücel ◽  
Özgür Duman ◽  
Aygen Ylmaz ◽  
Yusuf Akar
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Optic Nerve Head ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Myelinated Nerve ◽  
Myelinated Nerve Fibers ◽  
Optic Nerve Head Topography

Preliminary Investigation of Mesh Stability for Linear Systems

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pete Seiler ◽  
Aniruddha Pant ◽  
J. K. Hedrick
Keyword(s):  
Linear Systems ◽  
Mimo Systems ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
String Stability ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Simple Class ◽  
The Subject ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The One

Abstract Damping of disturbances as they propagate through a chain of interconnected systems, termed string stability, has been the subject of significant research. In this paper, we investigate mesh stability, which is the two-dimensional extension of string stability. We review the key results used for string stability analysis and then generalize the conditions for MIMO systems. These results are then applied to a simple class of linear systems which form a mesh in two-dimensions. It is shown (as in the one-dimensional case) that communicating the velocity and acceleration of the lead vehicle to all subsystems is sufficient for mesh stability. This result is then verified by simulation.

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