scholarly journals Reasons for the number of insects decrease of the Samara Region (on the example of leaf beetle populations)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
Sergey Ivanovich Pavlov ◽  
Andrey Stepanovich Yaitsky ◽  
Farit Talgatovich Miniyarov
Keyword(s):  
Direct Action ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Sexual Structure ◽  
Environmental Agents ◽  
Wintering Conditions ◽  
Fierce Competition ◽  
Survival Mechanisms

The survival mechanisms of leaf beetles (as typical phytophagous insects, surrounded by a corrosive environment: unstable, rapidly changing climate, decreasing forage, direct action of predators, ecto- and endoparasites, parasitoids, pathogens helminthiasis and entomophtorous, other pathogenic organisms) were studied during 1974-2016 in the Samara Region. 25 background species of chrysomelid beetles (approximately 240 individuals) were used as model objects. In addition to the natural fluctuations of the insect population, 21 causes of sudden increase in the number of local populations of leaf beetles were revealed, as a result of the influence of negative environmental agents, including abiotic (8), biotic (12) and anthropic (1 reason). From 5% to 90% of the leaf beetles population die as a result of unfavorable wintering conditions, sharp fluctuations in temperature and humidity, wind and precipitation; 2 reasons (concerning the resources of the forage base), 2 reasons (caused by the imbalance of the age and sexual structure of the population and therefore low reproductive potential), 2 reasons (determined by the fierce competition of insects and larval cannibalism) and 6 reasons (associated with the influence of predators, parasites and pathogens) are able to withdraw from 2% to 96% of the livestock (eggs, larvae, pupae and adults) of the population. It is concluded that many agents affects the number of insects.

Species delimitation in the leaf beetle genus Macroplea (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) based on mitochondrial DNA, and phylogeographic considerations

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Kölsch ◽  
Bo Vest Pedersen ◽  
Olof Biström
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Amino Acid Substitutions ◽  
Species Status ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Gene Coding

AbstractThe genus Macroplea Samouelle, 1819 is a group of highly specialized aquatic leaf beetles occurring in the Palaearctic. Since the members of this genus are morphologically very similar, we addressed the question of species identification and delimitation by analysing the second half of the mitochondrial gene coding for the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) subunit. Species limits are inferred from the multimodal frequency distribution of genetic distances between specimens: low genetic distances within a species are clearly set apart from distances between species. The species status of the hitherto controversial species M. japana (Jacoby, 1885) is confirmed. The pattern of nucleotide and amino acid substitutions is discussed in the light of functional domains of the COI molecule. Although the data are preliminary, the results provide new data on the distribution of the species. Together with the phylogenetic analysis they allow for a discussion of the phylogeography of the genus.

scholarly journals Investigating leaf beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) on the west coast islands of Sabah via checklist-taking and DNA barcoding

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kam-Cheng Yeong ◽  
Haruo Takizawa ◽  
Thor-Seng Liew
Keyword(s):  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
The West ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Baseline Knowledge ◽  
Island Habitats

Sabah, northern Borneo is one of the world’s most well-recognized biodiversity hotspots famous for the incredible diversity of its flora and fauna. Plenty of studies of leaf beetle fauna from this region have been conducted over the past 30 years. Yet, our knowledge of the leaf beetle fauna from island habitats remains scarce despite Sabah having the highest number of islands in Malaysia (ca. 500 islands). In this study, we collected leaf beetle fauna from 13 islands off the west coast of Sabah between January 2016 and March 2017. All specimens were identified to species level. Species names were assigned when the specimens fitted the description of species in the literature and morpho-species were assigned when the species names could not be determined. In addition, DNA barcodes – mitochondarial COI gene – of the species were sequenced. A total of 68 species from 31 genera and 5 subfamilies were collected with 12 species name being determined. From the data it was established that Pulau Gaya has the highest species richness (42 species), followed by Pulau Tiga (22 species) and Pulau Sapangar (18 species). Furthermore, a total of 64 Barcode Index Numbers consisting of 101 DNA barcodes were obtained from 60 leaf beetle species. The mean intraspecific and interspecific distances were determined as 0.77 % and 16.11 %, respectively. In addition, DNA barcoding also reveals phenotypic variation in leaf beetle species, particularly in the case of the subfamily Galerucinae. This study provides baseline knowledge and information about the DNA barcodes of leaf beetle species on Sabah’s island habitats for use in future studies.

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI MORFOLOGI BAKTERI ASAM LAKTAT PADA NIRA SEGAR LONTAR (Borassus flabellifer Linn)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Surenshy Bulu ◽  
Novi Ivonne Bullu ◽  
Anggraeni Dian Naomi Rupidara
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Experimental Method ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Biological Agents ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Metabolic System ◽  
Leaf Beetles

Entomopathogen is one of the biological agents that infects the insects and can damage the body's metabolic system of insects. This objective of the study were to determine the entomopathogenic activity of S. marcescens on mortality of coconut leaf beetles larvae (B. longissima), and the time needed to reach LT50. The study used an experimental method with 6 treatments of varying S.marcescens volumes, consisting of A (distilled water as a control), B (5 ml), C (7.5 ml), D (10 ml), E (12.5 ml), and F (15 ml) with 4 replications. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Probit LT50 test. The results showed that the volume of S.marcescens had an effect on mortality of coconut leaf beetle B. longissimi larvae. The best mortality rate at treatment E is 78% with the value of LT50 in treatment F is 42.15 hours. S.marcescens has entomopathogenic activity in coconut leaf beetles (B. longissima) Gestro larvae.

scholarly journals Host Specificity of the Parasitic Wasp Anaphes flavipes (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and a New Defence in Its Hosts (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Oulema spp.)

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Alena Samková ◽  
Jiří Hadrava ◽  
Jiří Skuhrovec ◽  
Petr Janšta
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Host Defence ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
New Host ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Study Laboratory

The parasitic wasp Anaphes flavipes (Förster, 1841) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) is an important egg parasitoid of cereal leaf beetles. Some species of cereal leaf beetle co-occur in the same localities, but the host specificity of the wasp to these crop pests has not yet been examined in detail. A lack of knowledge of host specificity can have a negative effect on the use of this wasps in biological control programs addressed to specific pest species or genus. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the host specificity of A. flavipes for three species of cereal leaf beetles (Oulema duftschmidi Redtenbacher, 1874, Oulema gallaeciana Heyden, 1879 and Oulema melanopus Linnaeus, 1758) in central Europe. For the first time, a new host defence against egg parasitoids occurring in O. gallaeciana from localities in the Czech Republic, a strong dark sticky layer on the egg surface, was found and described. The host specificity of A. flavipes was studied in the locality with the presence of this defence on O. gallaeciana eggs (the dark sticky layer) (Czech Republic) and in a control locality (Germany), where no such host defence was observed. Contrary to the idea that a host defence mechanism can change the host specificity of parasitoids, the wasps from these two localities did not display any differences in that. Respectively, even though it has been observed that eggs with sticky dark layer can prevent parasitization, the overall rate of parasitization of the three species of cereal beetles has not been affected. However, in our view, new host defence can influence the effects of biological control, as eggs of all Oulema spp. in the locality are protected against parasitization from the wasps stuck on the sticky layer of the host eggs of O. gallaeciana.

scholarly journals Some results of breeding a predatory stink bug of Perillus bioculatus F. (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) in the Republic of Moldova

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 00024
Author(s):  
Dina Elisovetcaia ◽  
Valeriu Derjanschi ◽  
Irina Agas’eva ◽  
Mariya Nefedova
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
Perillus Bioculatus ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
The Impact

The impact of insect artificial diet on the egg production of females was examined for L29 consequently generations of laboratory populations Perillus bioculatus (F.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Asopinae). Particular attention is paid to the overwintered generation, which plays a key role in the rehabilitation of the predator populations after hibernation. It was shown that with an increase in the number of laboratory generations of a predator (from L13 to L29), egg production of P. bioculatus females significantly decreases – from 16.4-35.7 to 15.0-27.5 eggs / female in terms of the total number of females in the laboratory populations. The proportion of eggs laid by females of winter generation was the lowest when feeding on Galleria mellonella larvae. Was established food preferences among the assortment of native for Republic of Moldova leaf beetles: Entomoscelis adonidis Pallas 1771, Chrysolina herbacea (Duftschmid, 1825) and C. coerulans (Scriba, 1791). P. bioculatus imago overwintered generation refused to feed on E. suturalis larvae and imago, probably because of the isoquinoline alkalods contained in the hemolymph of the leaf beetle. Studies have shown that supplementary feeding with imago of E. adonidis, C. herbacea and C. coerulans increases from 8.3±0.5/50 till 11.2±0.7/104 per day / total egg production of P. bioculatus females of the overwintered generation.

Deciphering the route to cyclic monoterpenes in Chrysomelina leaf beetles: source of new biocatalysts for industrial application?

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 417-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antje Burse ◽  
Wilhelm Boland
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Metabolic Diversity ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Extreme Habitats ◽  
Plant Sources

AbstractThe drastic growth of the population on our planet requires the efficient and sustainable use of our natural resources. Enzymes are indispensable tools for a wide range of industries producing food, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, or biofuels. Because insects constitute one of the most species-rich classes of organisms colonizing almost every ecological niche on earth, they have developed extraordinary metabolic abilities to survive in various and sometimes extreme habitats. Despite this metabolic diversity, insect enzymes have only recently generated interest in industrial applications because only a few metabolic pathways have been sufficiently characterized. Here, we address the biosynthetic route to iridoids (cyclic monoterpenes), a group of secondary metabolites used by some members of the leaf beetle subtribe Chrysomelina as defensive compounds against their enemies. The ability to produce iridoids de novo has also convergently evolved in plants. From plant sources, numerous pharmacologically relevant structures have already been described. In addition, in plants, iridoids serve as building blocks for monoterpenoid indole alkaloids with broad therapeutic applications. As the commercial synthesis of iridoid-based drugs often relies on a semisynthetic approach involving biocatalysts, the discovery of enzymes from the insect iridoid route can account for a valuable resource and economic alternative to the previously used enzymes from the metabolism of plants. Hence, this review illustrates the recent discoveries made on the steps of the iridoid pathway in Chrysomelina leaf beetles. The findings are also placed in the context of the studied counterparts in plants and are further discussed regarding their use in technological approaches.

An Artificial Diet for Cottonwood and Imported Willow Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Comparative Performance on Poplar Foliage2

1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah S. Bauer ◽  
Joann Meerschaert ◽  
O. Thomas Forrester
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Laboratory Rearing ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Chrysomela Scripta ◽  
The Media ◽  
Cottonwood Leaf Beetle ◽  
Willow Leaf Beetle

An artificial diet was developed for laboratory rearing of the cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta F., and the imported willow leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora (Laicharting). To reduce microbial contamination of the media, procedures were developed for separating egg masses and sterilizing egg surfaces. Cottonwood leaf beetle larvae reared from neonate to adult on this artificial diet had greater mortality, took longer to develop, and were smaller than larvae reared on fresh poplar foliage. Adult longevity was similar for both diet-and foliage-reared larvae. Survival and adult fresh weight of imported willow leaf beetle larvae reared on the artificial diet were similar to those of cohorts reared on fresh poplar foliage. However, individuals reared on artificial diet took longer to develop and produced shorter-lived adults than cohorts reared on foliage. Larvae of both species would not eat fresh foliage after being fed on the artificial diet. Adults of both species maintianed on the artificial diet laid few eggs but resumed normal oviposition when fed fresh foliage. This artificial diet proved useful for rearing larvae and maintaining adults during periods when fresh foliage was limited.

scholarly journals Alien leaf beetles of European Russia: native ranges, invasion history, biology and vectors of dispersal

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej O. Bieńkowski ◽  
Marina J. Orlova-Bienkowskaja
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Invasion History ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Economic Significance

AbstractInvasions of leaf beetles are of great ecological and economic significance, but poorly studied. The rate of these invasions in Europe is dramatically increasing. Some established species spread quickly occupying almost the whole continent within several decades. We present the first inventory of alien leaf beetles of European Russia. For each species the map of distribution is provided and the history of invasion in the world is discussed. Two species native to Mediterranean Region: Chrysolina americana (pest of Rosmarinus and Lavandula) and Leptomona erythrocephala feeding on Lotus corniculatus are recorded in European Russia for the first time. A polyphagous pest of floriculture Luperomorpha xanthodera native to China and Korea and pest of soybeans Medythia nigrobilineata native to East Asia were recorded in 2016. A pest of tobacco Epitrix hirtipennis native to North America was recorded in 2013. A pest of corn Diabrotica virgifera was intercepted at the border of Russia in 2011, but is not established. Three alien species were recorded in the 20th century: Zygogramma suturalis introduced from North America for control of Ambrosia, Phyllotreta reitteri native to Afghanistan and Tajikistan and feeding on Lepidium latifolium, and the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. The Black Sea region is more prone to leaf beetle invasions than other regions of European Russia. Leaf beetles usually occur only on alien or cultivated plants. Some species feed on native plants in native communities. So it is difficult to distinguish species established before the 20th century from native ones.

scholarly journals Bean Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Abundance in Soybean Fields Protected and Unprotected by Shelterbelts

2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Danielson ◽  
J. R. Brandle ◽  
L. Hodges ◽  
P. Srinivas
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Bean Leaf Beetle ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Agricultural Research And Development ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
The University

The bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a major insect pest of soybean in Nebraska and throughout much of the Midwest. This insect overwinters in the adult stage in litter in wooded areas such as shelterbelts. Historically, crop producers have been unsure of the merits of shelterbelts, especially if nearby crops are more likely to be infested by insect pests as a result. In this study, bean leaf beetle adults were sampled during the season by visually counting the number of beetles found on soybean plants early in the season and by sweep net sampling once plants were at the V4 stage (approximately 0.33 m tall). Sampling was done in 1997 and 1998 at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center in Saunders Co. in east-central Nebraska. Beetle counts were compared between shelterbelt-protected and -unprotected fields. In general, bean leaf beetles were more numerous in 1997 than in 1998, with abundance peaks occurring in late-July and early-September in both years. There were significant differences in bean leaf beetle counts from protected and unprotected fields on only three of the 11 and four of the 13 sampling dates in 1997 and 1998, respectively. On the sampling dates when significant differences were found, two of three in 1997 and three of four in 1998 had higher bean leaf beetle abundance in the protected soybean fields. The results of this study indicate a tendency for more bean leaf beetles in shelterbelt-protected soybean fields when differences are found, but beetle numbers were not significantly different between protected and unprotected fields on the majority of sample dates in the two years of this study. This study also reconfirms the presence of two generations of the bean leaf beetle in Nebraska.

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