EFFECTIVENESS OF ONLINE SHOPPING

India's e-commerce market was worth about 53.8 billion in 2009, it went up to$126 billion in 2013. Online travel accounts for 71 percent of the e-commerce business in India. In Rural India the mobile internet user base is expected to reach 87 million by December 2015 and 109 million by June 2016. Ninety-four per cent of users access the internet through their mobile phones in urban India. The year 1991 noted a new chapter is the history of the online world where e-commerce becomes a hot choice amongst the commercial use of the internet. At the time nobody would have even thought that the buying and selling online or say the online trading will become a trend in the world and India will also share a good proportion of this success. Alternative names of on line shopping sites are E-web-store, e-shop, e-store, internet shop, web-shop, web-store, online store, and online storefront and virtual stores

Determination of β-carotene and α-tocopherol Content in Selected Fresh and Dry Vegetables in Butula in Busia County

The study involved the determination of β-carotene and α-tocopherol content in selected fresh and dry vegetables (amaranthus, cowpea leaves, nightshade, slender leaf, pumpkin leaves and frying spider) using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) procedure. Fresh blanched vegetables contained high levels of β-carotene; 4000-9700µg/100g and α-tocopherol levels; 3000-7360µg/100g (WW). The solar dried vegetables contained β- carotene levels ranging from 572 to 854µg g-1 dry weight (DW) and α-tocopherol levels ranging from 281 to 673µg g-1 (DW). Solar dried vegetables contained significantly lower (P<0.05) amounts of β-carotene and α-tocopherol which were moderately bioavailable when mixed in good proportion to meet Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of vitamins A and E; which are 750µg retinol equivalent/day and 8mg/day respectively. The results will provide nutritional information on the indigenous vegetables grown in Butula in Busia County.

Knowledge of Hazards Associated With Urban Livestock Farming in Southeast Nigeria

The study assessed urban farmers' knowledge of health hazards associated with Urban Livestock Farming (ULF) in Southeast Nigeria. Multistage and random sampling techniques were used to select 210 respondents. Structured interview schedule was used to collect data. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Major type of animals reared was broiler. A good proportion of the respondents had a high knowledge of hazards associated with livestock keeping. However, some farmers did not know that animal products from intensive system can be contaminated with heavy metals and that animal dung should be treated before use for crop cultivation. There was a significant influence of socio-economic characteristics of farmers on knowledge of hazards posed by livestock keeping. Farmers' knowledge of hazards varied significantly between the three states studied. Farmers therefore need technical advice to fully understand the hazards associated with urban livestock farming and their consequences as well as on pre-treatment of dung to reduce transfer of pathogens.

Shot-gun proteomics: why thousands of unidentified signals matter

ABSTRACT Mass spectrometry-based proteomics has become a constitutional part of the multi-omics toolbox in yeast research, advancing fundamental knowledge of molecular processes and guiding decisions in strain and product developmental pipelines. Nevertheless, post-translational protein modifications (PTMs) continue to challenge the field of proteomics. PTMs are not directly encoded in the genome; therefore, they require a sensitive analysis of the proteome itself. In yeast, the relevance of post-translational regulators has already been established, such as for phosphorylation, which can directly affect the reaction rates of metabolic enzymes. Whereas, the selective analysis of single modifications has become a broadly employed technique, the sensitive analysis of a comprehensive set of modifications still remains a challenge. At the same time, a large number of fragmentation spectra in a typical shot-gun proteomics experiment remain unidentified. It has been estimated that a good proportion of those unidentified spectra originates from unexpected modifications or natural peptide variants. In this review, recent advancements in microbial proteomics for unrestricted protein modification discovery are reviewed, and recent research integrating this additional layer of information to elucidate protein interaction and regulation in yeast is briefly discussed.

Avocado Production and Local Trade in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania: A Case of an Emerging Trade Commodity from Horticulture

Avocado crop in Tanzania is sparingly investigated regardless of being an important fruit commodity. This study was undertaken to explore the yield and the value chain of this crop in the country. Data were collected mainly by face-to-face interviews with 275 avocado farmers, 231 avocado traders and 16 key informants. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance were used for data analysis. The average crop yield ranged from 76 to 124 kg plant−1 between regions. The average price for the farmers’ produce ranged from US$ 0.30 to 0.45 kg−1 between regions. About 72% of the farmers were dissatisfied with avocado business whereas 79% of the traders were pleased with it. A number of challenges were found hindering the development of the avocado industry in Tanzania, which in turn affects the fruit yield and the value chain. Addressing these challenges at the national, regional, district and village levels is important for improving the livelihood of Tanzanian farmers growing this crop, given the fact that a good proportion of the country’s population is employed in the agricultural sector and most of the reported challenges also affect the value chain of other crops.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MEANINGFUL LIVED EXPERIENCES RECALLED BY CENTENARIANS

The purpose of the investigation was to conduct a retrospective examination of meaningful live experiences reported by centenarians. Data for this study originated from N=111 centenarians (n = 43 men; n = 68 women) who participated in the Oklahoma 100-Year Life Project. Applying a hierarchical convoy mapping technique commonly used in social network evaluations, IBM/SPSS 23.0 was used to conduct a descriptive analysis of N = 654 recalled lived experiences. The Mini-Mental Status Examination-SF (MMSE-SF; M = 12.55; SD = 1.55) was used to screen all participants for cognitive orientation prior to participation to ensure capacity to consent and intact memory recall. Centenarian participants recalled a total of M = 6.90; SD= 2.61 lived experiences. Centenarian men recognized a significantly greater average number of meaningful experiences (F = (1, 653) = 30.53, p &lt; .01) compared to centenarian women (M = 4.06 vs. M = 3.43). A good proportion of centenarians (40.50%) acknowledged meaningful events as occurring during young-adulthood. However, the timing of such events occurred significantly earlier (F = (1, 357) = 7.37, p &lt; .01) on average for men compared to women (M = 27.60 yrs. vs. M = 34.11; 1.53). Further analysis revealed that over half of lived experiences considered meaningful among centenarians proportionally fit into three domain types: Family-oriented (19.5%); Work/employment related (18.7%); and Marriage (13.7%). Results have implications relative to understanding how variation in meaningful lived experiences among centenarians. Further evidence of a gendered life course in human longevity will be highlighted.

Frequency of Mislabeled Specimen in a Histopathology Laboratory

Background: Mislabeled specimens are one of the most common pre-analytic errors in a histopathology laboratory. As histopathology provides the final diagnosis for most of the diseases, labeling errors can lead to serious consequences leading to wrong treatments. Objectives: This study was carried out to find common pre-analytical errors of histopathology laboratory in the context of our country. Methods: Data were collected on six points of container labeling and nine points of requisition papers through simple check list over a period of one week. Results: Among 142 samples, labeling was found in 82.40% container. Among these labels, patients name, age, hospital registration number of the patients were absent in 19.01%, 26.06% and 90.85% samples respectively. Site of origin of the tissue in the container was absent in 71.83% samples. About 4.93% samples came to the laboratory without fixatives. Patients name, age, sex, site of origin of tissue, name of the referring physician and their contact numbers were found absent in 0.70%, 3.52%, 33.10%, 7.75%, 50% and 95.77% of requisition papers respectively. Clinical diagnosis was absent in 54.23% cases. A good proportion of container and requisition papers did not contain proper labeling, which is important not only for identification but also for histopathological diagnosis. Conclusion: We believe that, these errors occur due to lack of standard histopathology requisition form. Association of Surgeons and Pathologists can collaboratively form a standard requisition form for sending histopathology samples to different laboratories, which could easily reduce mislabeling errors in histopathology. Journal of Surgical Sciences (2013) Vol. 17 (2) :80-83

Introduction

The vessel might seem an unproblematic category. Vessels are, after all, essential to human survival. They are necessary to contain water, to cook, to store food and goods for future use. Nearly all societies have made and used them; indeed, clay vessels, or their fragments, are one of the principal kinds of archaeological data that give us empirical access into distant worlds of the past. A good proportion of ancient art in museum collections around the world consists of things we would categorize as vessels. Such ubiquity makes vessels central to many kinds of historical investigation. Archaeologists rely on quantitative surveys of durable potsherds to answer questions about chronology, population, trade, and the function of particular spaces, while close attention to the iconography on vessels furnishes important documentary evidence about many aspects of ancient society. Yet as the essays in this volume demonstrate, such approaches by no means exhaust the perspectives that vessels may offer on ancient societies. Many vessels—and assemblages of vessels— were in their own time sites of considerable intellectual power, smart and sophisticated commentaries on the very categories that they embody. On closer examination, the category of the vessel is complex. A vessel is defined not only by its shape, but also by its function, by the presumption that it contains something, though that something may be concealed when the vessel is in use and is not always easy to reconstruct from the archaeological record. But what about a Greek rhyton, a drinking horn with an opening at the bottom, so that liquids poured into one end stream out the other? What about an unused vessel that never held its intended contents; a Maya chocolate pot, broken and then repaired in a way that is no longer watertight; or a thin and fragile gu cup from a Chinese tomb, the form so attenuated that it could never be used? “Is it really a vessel?” is perhaps the least interesting question we can ask about these objects. As Richard Neer argues in his essay in this volume, for us as much as for the ancient Greeks, the value of the category “vessel” might lie precisely in its openness.

Comparing Human Versus Machine-Driven Cadastral Boundary Feature Extraction

The objective to fast-track the mapping and registration of large numbers of unrecorded land rights globally has led to the experimental application of Artificial Intelligence in the domain of land administration, and specifically the application of automated visual cognition techniques for cadastral mapping tasks. In this research, we applied and compared the ability of rule-based systems within Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA), as opposed to human analysis, to extract visible cadastral boundaries from very high-resolution World View-2 images, in both rural and urban settings. From our experiments, machine-based techniques were able to automatically delineate a good proportion of rural parcels with explicit polygons where the correctness of the automatically extracted boundaries was 47.4% against 74.24% for humans and the completeness of 45% for the machine compared to 70.4% for humans. On the contrary, in the urban area, automatic results were counterintuitive: even though urban plots and buildings are clearly marked with visible features such as fences, roads and tacitly perceptible to eyes, automation resulted in geometrically and topologically poorly structured data. Thus, these could neither be geometrically compared with human digitisation, nor actual cadastral data from the field. The results of this study provide an updated snapshot with regards to the performance of contemporary machine-driven feature extraction techniques compared to conventional manual digitising. In our methodology, using an iterative approach of segmentation and classification, we demonstrated how to overcome the weaknesses of having undesirable segments due to intra-parcel and inter-parcel variability, when using segmentation approaches for cadastral feature delineation. We also demonstrated how we can easily implement a geometric comparison framework within the Esri’s ArcGIS software environment and firmly believe the developed methodology can be reproduced.

Pharmacists’ Knowledge Regarding Drug Disposal in Karbala

Background: Consumers and caregivers should remove expired, or unwanted, medications to minimize the chance for misuse or accidentally using those medicines. This study investigated pharmacists’ knowledge regarding drug disposal in Karbala, Iraq. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey among pharmacists in Karbala. It was performed from December 2018 until January 2019. A standardized, 12-item, self-administered questionnaire was designed, developed and validated to assess pharmacists’ knowledge when generating pharmaceutical waste in pharmacies. Results: One hundred twenty-nine participants enrolled in the study. The mean age of participants was 33 ± 9.3 years—more than two-thirds (65.9%)—agreed that the return of medications to the source would be appropriate drug disposal. A good proportion of participants agreed with disposing of drugs in the trash. Further, 63.6% believe that education is the main barrier opposing the implementation of a medicine–take–back program in Iraq. Conclusion: Pharmacists had relatively poor knowledge regarding drug disposal methods. Health care providers (not only pharmacists) need educational courses and workshops to improve their knowledge regarding medication disposal in Iraq.