scholarly journals Aspects of Electrochemistry in The Development of Russian Energy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 071-079
Author(s):  
Sergey G. Tyaglov ◽  
◽  
Alexander A. Surnin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Russian Industry

Today, due to the negative transformation processes that have affected the management system of the Russian industry, government regulation does not bring the desired effect in the chemical industry. This leads to the fact that the rates of development of hydrogen energy are significantly lower than the potential ones. In this work, the development of the chemical industry in the twentieth century and its role in the Russian industry were investigated. During the twentieth century, this industry went through several important levels and in the 1960-1970s a global revolution took place in it. The article describes the structural changes that took place from 1965 to 1980, when, with the help of L.A. Kostandov, the most powerful and gigantic state chemical concern was created. The authors also studied the methods of hydrogen production in different countries, presented the advantages and disadvantages of water electrolysis, the use of energy from nuclear power plants during the period of low loads in the USA, Europe, and Japan. During the study, the problems of the chemical sector in Russia were identified and the negative consequences that can result from ignoring them. Also, the main factors hampering the development of the chemical industry were identified, which determined the relevance of considering the issues of reforming the Russian chemical complex.

scholarly journals HYDROGEN - ENERGY FOR BULGARIA

2011 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Alexander Sadovski
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Ozone Layer ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

The purpose of this work is to identify and present the opportunities for Bulgaria to use hydrogen as an energy source. Today's primary energy sources are mostly non-renewable - coal, oil, natural gas and conventional sources of nuclear energy. There are also renewable sources such as falling water, solar radiation, plants, manure, wind and geothermal sources. Theoretically, all types of energy sources can be used in Bulgaria, but each has its advantages and disadvantages or risks in terms of human health impact, of environmental and economic perspective. Still many governmental bodies and some of the scientific community underestimated the threat to the ozone layer caused by combustion processes and emissions from thermal power plants (TPPs) and transport. The problem of global warming and the preservation of the ozone layer will encourage Bulgaria to focus efforts and resources for using hydrogen as an energy source. The Black Sea is the world's largest body of water containing H2S and hydrogen sulfide layer that begins about 200 meters below the surface. The total supply of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea is estimated at about 4.6 x 109 tons. Interest in that reserve is manifested by the countries around the Sea - Turkey, Ukraine, Romania, Russia, Bulgaria and Georgia. Methods for extracting hydrogen from hydrogen sulfide are in development. There are concerns that the increase of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea may cause huge environmental disaster that can be countered by its reduction and use.

On the prospects of hydrogen energy in transport

Trudy NAMI ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 58-73
Author(s):  
D. V. Endachev ◽  
V. F. Kutenev ◽  
V. I. Panchishny
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Problem Statement ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
High Energy Consumption

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). In recent years, attention to hydrogen as an alternative kind of transport fuel has been increasingly growing as hydrogen is considered to be capable of replacing petroleum traditional fuels. Moreover, it is believed that the use of hydrogen can solve the environmental problems of transport, reduce power plants energy driving costs and solve the problem of fossil resources depletion.The purpose of the study was to analyze hydrogen as a possible alternative fuel, assess its advantages and disadvantages taking into account both the variety of its usage and power environmental and economic aspects of hydrogen production together with problems associated with its practical use.Methodology and research methods. The analysis of hydrogen production has been carried out including its use as a possible fuel for motor vehicles.Results. High energy consumption, environmental imperfection of hydrogen production processes and related problems of its storage, transportation, power units as well as of the scarcity of some necessary resources do not provide grounds for optimistic assessments of economic and environmental assessments of vehicles powered by hydrogen.

Recent Patents on Valve Mechanism Device

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-241
Author(s):  
Ye Dai ◽  
Hui-Bing Zhang ◽  
Yun-Shan Qi
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Nuclear Power Plants ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Valve Mechanism ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Valve Structure ◽  
Valve Leakage ◽  
Safety And Reliability

Background: Valves are an important part of nuclear power plants and are the control equipment used in nuclear power plants. It can change the cross-section of the passage and the flow direction of the medium and has the functions of diversion, cutoff, overflow, and the like. Due to the earthquake, the valve leaks, which will cause a major nuclear accident, endangering people's lives and safety. Objective: The purpose of this study is to synthesize the existing valve devices, summarize and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various devices from many literatures and patents, and solve some problems of existing valves. Methods: This article summarizes various patents of nuclear-grade valve devices and recent research progress. From the valve structure device, transmission device, a detection device, and finally to the valve test, the advantages and disadvantages of the valve are comprehensively analyzed. Results: By summarizing the characteristics of a large number of valve devices, and analyzing some problems existing in the valves, the outlook for the research and design of nuclear power valves was made, and the planning of the national nuclear power strategic goals and energy security were planned. Conclusion: Valve damage can cause serious safety accidents. The most common is valve leakage. Therefore, the safety and reliability of valves must be taken seriously. By improving the transmission of the valve, the problems of complicated valve structure and high cost are solved.

Two Centuries of Excavating Merovingian-Era Cemeteries In France

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-95
Author(s):  
Bonnie Effros
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Central Place ◽  
State Funding ◽  
Formal Training ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Private Funding ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Creation

The excavation of Merovingian-period cemeteries in France began in earnest in the 1830s spurred by industrialization, the creation of many new antiquarian societies across the country, and French nationalism. However, the professionalization of the discipline of archaeology occurred slowly due to the lack of formal training in France, weak legal protections for antiquities, and insufficient state funding for archaeological endeavors. This chapter identifies the implications of the central place occupied by cemeterial excavations up until the mid-twentieth century and its impact on broader discussions in France of national origins and ethnic identity. In more recent years, with the creation of archaeological agencies such as Afan and Inrap, the central place once occupied by grave remains has been diminished. Rescue excavations and private funding for new structures have brought about a shift to other priorities and research questions, with both positive and negative consequences, though cemeteries remain an important source of evidence for our understanding of Merovingian society.

scholarly journals Graphene/MoS2/FeCoNi(OH)x and Graphene/MoS2/FeCoNiPx multilayer-stacked vertical nanosheets on carbon fibers for highly efficient overall water splitting

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xixi Ji ◽  
Yanhong Lin ◽  
Jie Zeng ◽  
Zhonghua Ren ◽  
Zijia Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Splitting ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Graphene Nanosheets ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
Hybrid Structure ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Overall Water Splitting ◽  
Stable Oxygen ◽  
Excellent Stability

AbstractDevelopment of excellent and cheap electrocatalysts for water electrolysis is of great significance for application of hydrogen energy. Here, we show a highly efficient and stable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst with multilayer-stacked hybrid structure, in which vertical graphene nanosheets (VGSs), MoS2 nanosheets, and layered FeCoNi hydroxides (FeCoNi(OH)x) are successively grown on carbon fibers (CF/VGSs/MoS2/FeCoNi(OH)x). The catalyst exhibits excellent OER performance with a low overpotential of 225 and 241 mV to attain 500 and 1000 mA cm−2 and small Tafel slope of 29.2 mV dec−1. Theoretical calculation indicates that compositing of FeCoNi(OH)x with MoS2 could generate favorable electronic structure and decrease the OER overpotential, promoting the electrocatalytic activity. An alkaline water electrolyzer is established using CF/VGSs/MoS2/FeCoNi(OH)x anode for overall water splitting, which generates a current density of 100 mA cm−2 at 1.59 V with excellent stability over 100 h. Our highly efficient catalysts have great prospect for water electrolysis.

scholarly journals A Mini Review on Doped Nickel-Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4651
Author(s):  
Yilin Deng ◽  
Wei Lai ◽  
Bin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Evolution ◽  
Hydrogen Evolution Reaction ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Heteroatom Doping ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen

The energy crisis and environmental pollution have attracted much attention and have promoted researches on clean and sustainable hydrogen energy resources. With the help of highly active and stable transition metal nickel-based catalysts, the production of hydrogen from water electrolysis from electrolyzed water has become an inexpensive and efficient strategy for generating hydrogen energy. In recent years, heteroatom doping has been found to be an effective strategy to improve the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performances of nickel-based catalysts in acidic, neutral, and alkaline media. This review will highlight many recent works of inexpensive and readily available heteroatom-doped nickel-based HER catalysts. The evaluation methods for the performances of HER catalyst will be briefly described, and the role of heteroatom doping and its application in nickel-based catalyst will be summarized. This article will also point out some heteroatom doping strategies, which may provide references and inspire the design of other catalysts with dopants.

Sectional Parties, Divided Business

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathie Jo Martin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
National Association ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Business Activity ◽  
Labor Organization ◽  
Organizational Life ◽  
Policy Positions ◽  
Dramatic Shift

The National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) led the corporate attack on labor organization and government regulation in the early twentieth century. Yet NAM's deep distrust of coordination, in fact, developed years into its organizational life: at its inception, NAM organizers sought mechanisms to coordinate economic and political business activity, and held policy positions that resembled those favored by contemporaneous European manufacturers. Thus, the organization's dramatic shift in policy preferences almost a decade later was something of a sea change: suddenly NAM became committed to laissez-faire liberalism—the antithesis of coordination—and became best-known for its commitment to fighting organized labor.

Renewable Hydrogen Production Using Sailing Ships

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max F. Platzer ◽  
Nesrin Sarigul-Klijn ◽  
J. Young ◽  
M. A. Ashraf ◽  
J. C. S. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Power Extraction ◽  
Wind Currents

Vast ocean areas of planet Earth are exposed year-round to strong wind currents. We suggest that this untapped ocean wind power be exploited by the use of sailing ships. The availability of constantly updated meteorological information makes it possible to operate the ships in ocean areas with optimum wind power so that the propulsive ship power can be converted into electric power by means of ship-mounted hydro-power generators. Their electric power output then is fed into ship-mounted electrolyzers to convert sea water into hydrogen and oxygen. In this paper we estimate the ship size, sail area and generator size to produce a 1.5 MW electrical power output. We describe a new oscillating-wing hydro-power generator and present results of model tests obtained in a towing tank. Navier-Stokes computations are presented to provide an estimate of the power extraction efficiency and drag coefficient of such a generator which depends on a range of parameters such as foil maximum pitch angles, plunge amplitude, phase between pitch and plunge and load. Also, we present a discussion of the feasibility of sea water electrolysis and of the re-conversion of hydrogen and oxygen into electricity by means of shore-based hydrogen-oxygen power plants.

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