Viscosity profile of Eucheuma spinosum carrageenan from Nusa Penida (Bali), Sumenep (Madura), and Takalar (Sulawesi Selatan)

The research was conducted to determine the viscosity profile of carrageenan solution obtained from three different coastal region of Nusa Penida, Sumenep, and Takalar as a result of a decrease in temperature with presence cations K+ and Ca2+. Carrageenan was extracted from Eucheuma spinosum using hot alkaline calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 at 95°C, pH was decreased with HCl, carrageenan was precipitated with ethanol, dried and grinded. The viscosity profile of carrageenan was determined by addition of K+ (0.005-0.03% KCl) and Ca2+ (0.005-0.02% CaCl2)using a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). The viscosity profile of carrageenan solution changed upon cooling started from a dilute at the initial temperature of 80°C, and then increased as temperature decreased to 20°C. The viscosity of carrageenan E. spinosum from Nusa Penida, Sumenep, and Takalar without the addition of K+ and Ca2+ at a temperature of 80°C respectively were 90, 120, and 130 mPa.s. The viscosity of carrageenan from Nusa Penida, Sumenep, and Takalar in the presence of K+ and Ca2+ increased with increasing time and decreasing temperature. The viscosity of carrageenan from Nusa Penida in the presence of K+ (0.005-0.03% KCl) at 55oC becomes 125, 250, 300 mPa.s, Sumenep 280, 290, and 360 mPa.s, and Takalar 420, 420, and 420 mPa.s. While, in the presence of Ca2+ (0.01-0.02% % CaCl2) at 55oC, the viscosity of carrageenan from Nusa Penida, Sumenep, and Takalar have been formed gelling. Increasing of viscosity of carrageenan from Nusa Penida, Sumenep, and Takalar in the presence of kation Ca2+ was required a faster time and higher temperatures than K+. Carrageenan solution from E. spinosum originated from different coastal regions showed different viscosity profiles.<br />Keywords: Eucheuma spinosum, carrageenan, cation, temperature, viscosity profile

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Forme des grains de quartz de sables et gres du Bresil

BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin ◽

10.2113/gssgfbull.s7-iv.3.329 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol S7-IV (3) ◽

pp. 329-335

Author(s):

Genevieve Bouillet ◽

Andre Cailleux

Keyword(s):

Amazon Basin ◽

Coastal Region ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

Coastal Regions ◽

Quartz Grains

Abstract A total of one hundred ten samples of quartz grains, two-thirds of them from the southern and northeastern coastal regions and the lower Amazon valley, from sands and sandstones ranging in age from Precambrian to Recent have the same general characteristics found on other continents. Wind-worn grains are characteristic of the Devonian, Carboniferous, and Triassic. Water-worn grains are particularly abundant in the Tertiary of the Amazon basin. Grains in the Precambrian Minas Gerais series are unusally limpid and show relatively little wear. The tillite of the Carboniferous Itarare group in the southern coastal region contains abundant wind-worn grains of periglacial origin.

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The Essence of the Competitiveness of Coastal Regions

THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY ◽

10.32983/2222-0712-2021-1-45-51 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (47) ◽

pp. 45-51

Author(s):

A. P. Bezkhlibna ◽

Keyword(s):

Coastal Region ◽

Ecosystem Approach ◽

Coastal Regions ◽

Theoretical Concepts ◽

Current State ◽

Territorial Unit ◽

Environmental Requirements ◽

New Interpretation ◽

Historical Heritage ◽

Favorable Conditions

The article aims at defining the key theoretical concepts related to providing the competitiveness of coastal regions and studying the essence of the terms "coastal region", "competitiveness", "competitiveness of the coastal region". The features and characteristics of the coastal region are determined, the classification of the region's competitiveness is expanded, which has helped to suggest a new interpretation of the "coastal region" term. A coastal region is an administrative-territorial unit that due to its geographic position has access to the sea coast with its own waters, specializes in coastal economic and ecosystem activities, creates its own maritime complex of industries with the appropriate infrastructure, faces specific social problems and environmental requirements, has its own cultural and historical heritage, the latter reflecting the maritime theme. A binary understanding of the “coastal region” term is suggested: coastal regions are treated as oblasts and as territorial communities, the administrative boundaries of which extend to the coastline. It has been found out that the competitiveness of a coastal region is an indicator emphasizing the region's ability to respond to external challenges; ensuring the use of ecosystem approach to designing the best possible region's economic structure; overcoming seasonality in tourism and recreation; taking into account the specifics of social and environmental problems of the region; preserving the cultural and mental identity of the region to create favorable conditions for the inhabitants. To create a concept for ensuring the competitiveness of coastal regions it is necessary to make not only theoretical generalizations, but also a comprehensive diagnosis of the current state of competitiveness, which is impossible without discussing the components of competitiveness, as comprehensive assessment will be done with regard to them.

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Rapid situational assessment of people who inject drugs (PWID) in Nairobi and coastal regions of Kenya: a respondent driven sampling survey

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11373-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Francis O. Oguya ◽

Patrick R. Kenya ◽

Francisca Ongecha ◽

Patrick Mureithi ◽

Helgar Musyoka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Drug Use ◽

People Who Inject Drugs ◽

Coastal Region ◽

Injecting Drug Use ◽

Hiv Prevalence ◽

Hiv And Aids ◽

Coastal Regions ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Situational Assessment

Abstract Background A Cross-sectional Rapid Situational Assessment of People Who Inject Drug (PWIDs) applying Respondent Driven sampling techniques (RDS) was used to recruit subjects/participants in a study aimed at assessing HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among injecting drug users in Nairobi and Coastal regions of Kenya. There is paucity of data and information on injecting drug use in sub-Saharan Africa and there is sufficient evidence of existence of the environment for development and growth of injecting drug use. Past studies on PWID and its association to HIV and AIDS that have been conducted in Kenya do not provide sufficient information to support effective planning and comprehensive national response to the HIV and AIDS epidemic. Methods A cross-sectional study design was adopted in which a set of initial subjects referred to as ‘seeds’ were first identified from which an expanding chain of referrals were obtained, with subjects from each wave referring subjects of subsequent waves. The seeds were drawn randomly from the population and interviewed to pick the one with the largest network and other unique characteristics. A maximum of twelve seeds were recruited. The second stage involved conducting assessment visits to the sites to identify potential collaborators that included non-governmental organizations (NGOs), drug treatment centres, health facilities, community based organizations (CBO’s) among others. Three NGOs located in the coast region and one in Nairobi region were identified to assist in identifying drug injection locations and potential participants. Key informant interviews (KIIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were also conducted using interview guides. Results A total of 646 individuals (344 in Nairobi and 302 at the coast) were recruited for the study between January and March 2010. Of these 590 (91%) were male and 56 (9%) were female. Findings showed that most PWIDs initiated injecting drug use between the ages of 20–29 years, with the youngest age of initiation being 11 years and oldest age being 53 years. Most commonly injected drug was heroin (98%), with a small (2%) percentage injecting cocaine. Other non-injecting methods such as smoking or combining these two drugs with other drugs such as cannabis or Rohypnol were also common. Most PWIDs used other substances (cigarettes, alcohol, and cannabis) before initiating injecting drug use. The adjusted national HIV prevalence of PWIDs was 18.3% (19.62% unadjusted) with PWIDs in Nairobi region registering 18.33% (20.58% unadjusted) compared PWIDs for Coastal region indicating 18.27% (18.59% - unadjusted). The gender based HIV prevalence showed that women were more at risk of acquiring HIV (44.51%-adjusted) compared to men (15.97%-adjusted). The age specific HIV prevalence showed that PWIDs who initiated injecting at 11–19 years (44.7% adjusted) were most at risk in Nairobi compared to those who initiated injecting at age 20–24 years (23.2% - adjusted) in the coastal region. While all PWIDs continue to be at risk in the two regions, those from the Western parts of Nairobi, Kenya were at a relatively higher risk given their increased propensity for sharing injecting equipment and solutions. Conclusions Compared to the national HIV prevalence of (4.9%), the results show that People Who Inject Drugs (PWIDs) are at particularly high risk of infection in Kenya and there is urgent need for intervention (KenPHIA, 2018). This study also showed clear evidence that 70% of PWIDs are primary school educated, engage in high risk injecting and sexual behaviors comprising sharing of injecting equipment, unprotected heterosexual and homosexual sex. Given that initiation of injecting drug use begins early and peaks after formal school years (20–29 years), prevention programmes should be targeted at primary and secondary school students, college and out of school youth. Further, to protect People who inject drugs (PWIDs) from HIV infection, the country should introduce free Needle Syringe Programs (NSP) with provision of condoms and Methadone Assisted Therapy (MAT) as a substitute for drug use.

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Multi-Spectral Ship Detection Using Optical, Hyperspectral, and Microwave SAR Remote Sensing Data in Coastal Regions

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10114064 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 4064 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Kyung-Ae Park ◽

Jae-Jin Park ◽

Jae-Cheol Jang ◽

Ji-Hyun Lee ◽

Sangwoo Oh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Real Time ◽

Satellite Images ◽

Coastal Region ◽

Probability Of Detection ◽

Constant False Alarm Rate ◽

Coastal Regions ◽

Ship Detection ◽

Radar Images ◽

Sar Remote Sensing

The necessity of efficient monitoring of ships in coastal regions has been increasing over time. Multi-satellite observations make it possible to effectively monitor vessels. This study presents the results of ship detection methodology, applied to optical, hyperspectral, and microwave satellite images in the seas around the Korean Peninsula. Spectral matching algorithms are used to detect ships using hyperspectral images with hundreds of spectral channels and investigate the similarity between the spectra and in-situ measurements. In the case of SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) images, the Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) algorithm is used to discriminate the vessels from the backscattering coefficients of Sentinel-1B SAR and ALOS-2 PALSAR2 images. Validation results exhibited that the locations of the satellite-detected vessels showed good agreement with real-time location data within the Sentinel-1B coverage in the Korean coastal region. This study presented the probability of detection values of optical and SAR-based ship detection and discussed potential causes of the errors. This study also suggested a possibility for real-time operational use of vessel detection from multi-satellite images based on optical, hyperspectral, and SAR remote sensing, particularly in the inaccessible coastal regions off North Korea, for comprehensive coastal management and sustainability.

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Distribution and Exposure Risk Assessment of Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances in Aquatic Products Along the Coastal Region of the South China Sea

10.21203/rs.3.rs-93354/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xu-Feng Wang ◽

Meng-Song Mo ◽

Hai-Gang Chen ◽

Qiang Wang ◽

Jin-Lan Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South China ◽

Coastal Region ◽

Coastal Regions ◽

Detection Rates ◽

Aquatic Products ◽

Modified Quechers ◽

Spatial And Temporal Distributions ◽

Local Residents ◽

Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances ◽

Exposure Risks

Abstract ObjectiveThe purpose of this investigation was to monitor the contamination characters and spatial and temporal distributions of 23 Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in seafood along South China Coastal Regions. The exposure risks of PFOA and PFOS to human health in marine aquatic products were also evaluated.MethodsA total of 844 samples including 359 fishes, 391 shellfishes and 94 crustaceans were collected from Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan provinces. The samples were extracted and purified using a modified QuEChERS procedure and analyzed by UPLC-MS / MS. The statistical analysis was performed in view of the detection of different PFAS components in variety of fishes, shellfishes and crustaceans, respectively.ResultsSixteen PFASs were detected in the survived samples and the total detection rates reached to 99.21 %. The highest ∑PFASs in each sample was 28.27 μg/kg, and the average and medium values of ∑PFAS were 1.83 μg/kg and 1.18 μg/kg, respectively. PFOS and PFBA have been considered as predominant PFAS components with corresponding pollution contribution rates of 29.14% and 24.71%, respectively. However, it is noted that PFNA and PFBS were primarily enriched in the oyster and mussel. During the period of this investigation (2014-2016), ∑PFAS average concentrations turned out constantly rising trend and new pollution component PFHxS detected in 2016. ∑PFAS concentrations of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan provinces were approximately at similar level.ConclusionThe contamination status of PFASs were getting worse in South China Coastal Regions. Safety and risk exposure assessments of PFOA and PFOS via daily diet intakes showed relatively low to local residents.

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KAJIAN DAMPAK PEMEKARAN WILAYAH TERHADAP KESENJANGAN EKONOMI ANTAR DAERAH PESISIR DI PROVINSI BENGKULU

Jurnal AGRISEP Kajian Masalah Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis ◽

10.31186/jagrisep.15.1.27-36 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 27-36

Author(s):

Nyanyu Neti Arianti ◽

Indra Cahyadinata

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Coastal Region ◽

Series Data ◽

Coastal Regions ◽

Regional Division ◽

Economic Disparity ◽

The Impact

This research were conducted to analyze the impact of regional division to the economic disparity among the coastal regions in Bengkulu Province. The data used in this research were time series data of GRDP and population for the period of 1993 to 2000 (before division) and 2004 to 2011 (after divison) obtained from Statistic Office. The result of this research showed that the value of Index Williamson(IW) before regional division was 0,22 lower than the IW value after the regional division (0,43). That was meaned that after the regional division, economic disparity of the coastal region in Bengkulu Province higher than before the regional division. Keywords : regional divisions, economic disparity, coastal region

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Sustainable development of the coastal regions: problems, prerequisites, and limitations

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202129102011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 291 ◽

pp. 02011

Author(s):

P.Ya. Baklanov

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Natural Resources ◽

Coastal Region ◽

Nature Management ◽

Coastal Protection ◽

Coastal Regions ◽

Sea Transport ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Model Dynamics ◽

Sea Area

Sustainable development of a region is considered as stable development, balanced in the economic, social and environmental areas. To achieve sustainable development of a coastal region, it is necessary to cover the entire integral geosystem, including land territory of the region and the adjacent sea area. It is necessary to model dynamics of the geosystem using various information and geographic information systems. On this basis, strategic planning and monitoring of the sustainable development should be employed. Basic core principle for the sustainable development of coastal regions is a regional nature management, including usage of the natural resources of land, sea and ocean. At the same time, it is necessary to identify and evaluate aqua-territorial combinations of the natural resources and inter-resource ties. There are some problems and limitations of the sustainable development of coastal regions, which are highlighted, including dangerous processes and phenomena (wave, tsunami, typhoons, etc.), the need for coastal protection, etc., as well as favorable factors - availability of various marine natural resources, possibility of using sea transport and availability of sea markets, etc.

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Impact of wind pattern and complex topography on snow microphysics during ICE-POP 2018

10.5194/acp-2021-128 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kwonil Kim ◽

Wonbae Bang ◽

Eun-Chul Chang ◽

Francisco J. Tapiador ◽

Chia-Lun Tsai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transition Zone ◽

Coastal Region ◽

Upstream Region ◽

Windward Side ◽

Mountain Range ◽

Mountainous Region ◽

Coastal Regions ◽

Strong Shear ◽

Feeder Mechanism ◽

The Impact

Abstract. Snowfall in north-eastern part of South Korea is the result of complex snowfall mechanisms due to a highly-contrasting terrain combined with nearby warm waters and three synoptic pressure patterns. All these factors together create unique combinations, whose disentangling can provide new insights into the microphysics of snow in the planet. This study focuses on the impact of wind flow and topography on the microphysics drawing of twenty snowfall events during the ICE-POP 2018 (International Collaborative Experiment for Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic winter games) field campaign in the Gangwon region. The vertical structure of precipitation and size distribution characteristics are investigated with collocated MRR (Micro Rain Radar) and PARSIVEL (PARticle SIze VELocity) disdrometers installed across the mountain range. The results indicate that wind shear and embedded turbulence were the cause of the riming process dominating the mountainous region. As the strength of these processes weaken from the mountainous region to the coastal region, riming became less significant and gave way to aggregation. This study specifically analyzes the microphysical characteristics under three major synoptic patterns: air-sea interaction, cold low, and warm low. Air–sea interaction pattern is characterized by more frequent snowfall and vertically deeper precipitation systems in the windward side, resulting in significant aggregation in the coastal region, with riming featuring as a primary growth mechanism in both mountainous and coastal regions. The cold low pattern is characterized by a higher snowfall rate and vertically deep systems in mountainous region, with the precipitation system becoming shallower in the coastal region and strong turbulence being found in the layer below 2 km in the mountainous upstream region (linked with dominant aggregation). The warm low pattern features the deepest system: precipitation here is enhanced by the seeder–feeder mechanism with two different precipitation systems divided by the transition zone (easterly below and westerly above). Overall, it is found that strong shear and turbulence in the transition zone is a likely reason for the dominant riming process in mountainous region, with aggregation being important in both mountainous and coastal regions.

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The Effect of Initial Hydration Temperature on the Characteristics of Calcium Hydroxide and Aragonite Precipitated Calcium Carbonate

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.815 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 124-126 ◽

pp. 815-818 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ji Whan Ahn ◽

Jung Ah Kim ◽

Kwang Suk You ◽

Hwan Kim ◽

Hee Chan Cho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Calcium Carbonate ◽

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Initial Temperature ◽

Process Condition ◽

Hydration Process ◽

Hydration Time ◽

Precipitated Calcium Carbonate ◽

Solid Ratio ◽

Carbonation Process

Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) is obtained through three processes; that of calcination, hydration, and carbonation. Thus, changes in each process condition determine the particle size or morphology of the mediums (calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide) as well as the product (PCC). To date, studies concerning precipitated calcium carbonate have mainly focused on the carbonation process, aimed at the manufacturing of PCC. Thus far, few studies on calcination or hydration have been conducted. Calcium hydroxide is regarded as the most important factor during the carbonation process. It is obtained through a hydration process. Therefore, in order to create the valuable PCC studies that center on the hydration process should be carried out. The present study seeks to investigate the effect of the hydration condition, particularly the temperature, on the synthesis characteristics of calcium hydroxide and aragonite PCC. The results show that the particle size of calcium hydroxide changes with variations in the initial hydration temperature. In particular, a higher initial temperature resulted in a larger particle size of the calcium hydroxide used in the synthesis. The particle size and yield of aragonite also increased when calcium hydroxide created at high temperatures was used. However, the water/solid ratio or total amount at the hydration time had no effect on the manufacturing process of aragonite.

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