scholarly journals Mechanically Ventilated Broiler Sheds: a Possible Source of Aerosolized Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (23) ◽  
pp. 7417-7425 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. N. Chinivasagam ◽  
T. Tran ◽  
L. Maddock ◽  
A. Gale ◽  
P. J. Blackall
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Airborne Bacteria ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated ◽  
The Public ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Low Levels

ABSTRACT This study assessed the levels of two key pathogens, Salmonella and Campylobacter, along with the indicator organism Escherichia coli in aerosols within and outside poultry sheds. The study ranged over a 3-year period on four poultry farms and consisted of six trials across the boiler production cycle of around 55 days. Weekly testing of litter and aerosols was carried out through the cycle. A key point that emerged is that the levels of airborne bacteria are linked to the levels of these bacteria in litter. This hypothesis was demonstrated by E. coli. The typical levels of E. coli in litter were ∼108 CFU g−1 and, as a consequence, were in the range of 102 to 104 CFU m−3 in aerosols, both inside and outside the shed. The external levels were always lower than the internal levels. Salmonella was only present intermittently in litter and at lower levels (103 to 105 most probable number [MPN] g−1) and consequently present only intermittently and at low levels in air inside (range of 0.65 to 4.4 MPN m−3) and once outside (2.3 MPN m−3). The Salmonella serovars isolated in litter were generally also isolated from aerosols and dust, with the Salmonella serovars Chester and Sofia being the dominant serovars across these interfaces. Campylobacter was detected late in the production cycle, in litter at levels of around 107 MPN g−1. Campylobacter was detected only once inside the shed and then at low levels of 2.2 MPN m−3. Thus, the public health risk from these organisms in poultry environments via the aerosol pathway is minimal.

scholarly journals Fungsi Partai Politik dalam Pendidikan Politik Masyarakat

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-169
Author(s):  
I Gede Wijaya Kusuma ◽  
Ida Ayu Putu Widiati ◽  
Luh Putu Suryani
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Political Education ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
General Elections ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
Low Levels

One of the functions of political parties in legislation is as a means of political education and socialization. Political parties are obliged to disseminate their political discourse to the public. However, in its implementation in the field, there are still political parties that have not maximized their function in providing political education to the public. This study discusses (1) What is the function of political parties in providing public political education and its influence on public participation in general elections? (2) What are the implications of political parties that do not implement public political education? This research was conducted by using normative legal research methods, primary and secondary sources of legal materials, methods of collecting legal materials using statute records and others, and analyzing legal materials using descriptive analysis methods. The results of this study indicate that according to Law No.2 of 2011, one of the functions of political parties is to provide political education as a means of education for the wider community to become Indonesian citizens who are aware of their rights and obligations in public. The importance of political education carried out by political parties to the maximum and in its actual essence will be able to have a very good impact on society, which means that people are able to become people who are aware of their obligations in giving choices to political parties or candidates who are true and sincere in terms of welfare. people. The implication of political parties that do not carry out public political education is to cause a decrease in public participation in general elections and this will also lead to apparently unhealthy political conditions and allow high abstention due to low levels of public participation.

scholarly journals Strategi Peningkatan Kompetensi Aparatur Sipil Negara Melalui Peningkatan E-Literasi dan Edukasi Kebijakan Publik

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Apandi Apandi
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
The Public ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Performance Results

E-literacy and education are important components in improving the quality of human resources needed in an organization. The purpose of this study is to reveal the importance of e-literacy and public policy education. The State Civil Apparatus (ASN) requires e-literacy and education to improve performance results so that public services can be maximized. This becomes interesting research in the development of science-based on the real events that occur in Indonesia. Where so far, e-literacy and education is only intended for the public, especially millennial generation. The research method used is the study of literature where data is obtained through various secondary sources that are relevant to theoretically strengthen research results. The findings explain that e-literacy and education are effective and efficient strategies in overcoming budget constraints and low levels of ASN competence. With e-literacy and public policy education, it is hoped that the professionalism of the ASN bureaucracy will increase and the quality of public services will be better.

An empirical investigation of the sustainability of the public deficit in Portugal

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 209-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria do Rosario Correia ◽  
Reinhard Neck ◽  
Theodore Panagiotidis ◽  
Christian Richter
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Deficit

CAUSES OF A PUBLIC DEBT AND BUDGET DEFICIT

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-101
Author(s):  
Daniel Szybowski
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Deficit ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Debt Collection

The aim of the article is to present a problem concerning the reasons for the formation of public debt and the budget deficit. Public debt is undoubtedly caused by excessive expenses, which may be caused by the militarization of the economy, extensive administration or high social transfers. Rarely the cause may be too low taxes and other public revenues, the reasons for which may be very numerous, from too low effective tax rates through ineffective tax collection system, to narrowing the tax base caused by the falling level of gross domestic product production. The main reason for the public deficit is the failure to adjust the size of public expenditure to the profitability of the economy. This maladjustment may have a permanent character caused by the tendency to excessive expansion of public expenditure. Maladjustment may also have short-term character related to the alternate nature of economic development, which is expressed in the business cycle. Among the other sources and causes of the public deficit may be distinguished low efficiency of public spending, low efficiency of public debt collection and the burden of budget expenditure on the costs of already existing public debt.

Haiti’s political crisis weighs on economic growth

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Humanitarian Crisis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Currency Depreciation ◽  
Public Deficit ◽  
Revenue Collection ◽  
Political Turmoil

Significance Widespread political turmoil has prevented elections to choose new representatives and senators, as well as the approval of a budget. Protests against poverty and corruption have paralysed Haiti over the last year. The country is facing a severe humanitarian crisis amid high levels of inflation, rapid currency depreciation and a contraction in GDP. The IMF put a 229-million-dollar loan on hold in June 2019 and has made its support conditional on solving the political crisis and adopting measures needed to stabilise the economy. Impacts Anti-government protests will linger as the opposition continues pressuring Moise to step down. Inflation is expected to pick up pace amid a weakening local currency and economic disruptions resulting from the political crisis. The public deficit will increase in the short term, hampered by a decline in revenue collection due to the economic downturn.

The Irrelevance of Political Party Differences for Public Finances – Evidence from Public Deficit and Debt in Portugal (1974–2012)

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Corrêa D’almeida ◽  
Paulo Reis Mourao
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Government Budget ◽  
Public Finances ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Deficit ◽  
Party Differences ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Political Differences ◽  
Government Budget Deficit

This paper attempts to empirically test whether inter-party political differences impact public finances in Portugal differently. Focused on public debt and on government budget deficit, and using data since 1974 for several variables, this paper applies econometric modelling to show that inter-party differences have had, until now, no significant impacts on the public finances’ performance in Portugal. In this context, this paper aims at dispelling some myths regarding the ‘value’ of a policy process based on political intrigue, enmity and a discourse of confrontation around differentiated political parties’ merits in modern democracies.

scholarly journals Sobre la (in)competencia de las instituciones europeas para reformar los sistemas públicos de pensiones nacionales a la luz del derecho de la UE y de los tratados internacionales = About the (in)competence of the European institutions to reform the public systems of national pensions in the light of the EU law and the international treaties

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 394
Author(s):  
Cristina Sánchez-Rodas Navarro
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Old Age ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Deficit ◽  
Legislative Reforms ◽  
The One

Resumen: En España, tras la crisis mundial económica y financiera de 2008, se han llevado a cabo importantes reformas legislativas a fin de controlar el déficit público y cumplir así no sólo con las disposiciones emanadas del Derecho de la Unión Europea sino también con los Tratados internacionales ratificados por nuestro país.Por su cuantía, las pensiones contributivas de jubilación constituyen la partida más importante de los Presupuestos Generales del Estado.Existe una generalizada creencia de que las restrictivas reformas en materia de pensiones españolas que se vienen promulgando en los últimos años son inevitables al venir impuestas por disposiciones emanadas de la Unión Europea y/o por Tratados internacionales.El objeto de este artículo es, por una parte, demostrar que la competencia para legislar en materia de Seguridad Social es, y sigue siendo, competencia exclusiva del Estado. Y, por otro lado, verificar cómo las reformas en materia de pensiones obedecen a iniciativas legislativas nacionales, en modo alguno impuestas por el Derecho de la UE o el Derecho internacional.Palabras clave: Unión Europea, Seguridad Social, pensiones contributivas de jubilación.Abstract: In Spain, after the worldwide economic and financial crisis of 2008, important legislative reforms have been carried out in order to control the public deficit and therefore will be able to comply not only with the provisions emanating from the European Union Law but also with the International Treaties ratified by our country.Due to their amount, contributory old-age pensions are the most important item in the General State Budget.There is a widespread belief that the restrictive reforms on Spanish pensions that have been enacted in recent years were inevitable because they were imposed by provisions emanating from the European Union and /or international treaties.The purpose of this article is, on the one hand, to demonstrate that the competence to legislate on Social Security matters is, and continues to be, the exclusive competence of the State. And, on the other hand, to verify how the last reforms in the field of pensions obey to national legislative initiatives, in no way imposed by European Law or international Law.Keywords: European Union, social security, contributory old-age benefits.

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