The gender employment gap has narrowed over time and most OECD countries converge towards countries with low gender employment gap

2008 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Employment Gap ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals The Impact of New Drug Launches on Hospitalization in 2015 for 67 Medical Conditions in 15 OECD Countries: A Two-Way Fixed-Effects Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank R. Lichtenberg
Keyword(s):  
Prescription Drug ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Pharmaceutical Innovation ◽  
Cost Offset ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Offsets ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract There are two types of prescription drug cost offsets. The first type of cost offset – from prescription drug use – is primarily about the effect of changes in drug quantity (e.g. due to changes in out-of-pocket drug costs) on other medical costs. Previous studies indicate that the cost offsets from prescription drug use may slightly exceed the cost of the drugs themselves. The second type of cost offset – the cost offset from prescription drug innovation – is primarily about the effect of prescription drug quality on other medical costs. Two previous studies (of a single disease or a single country) found that pharmaceutical innovation reduced hospitalization, and that the reduction in hospital cost from the use of newer drugs was considerably greater than the innovation-induced increase in pharmaceutical expenditure. In this study, we reexamine the impact that pharmaceutical innovation has had on hospitalization, employing a different type of 2-way fixed effects research design. In lieu of analyzing different countries over time for a single disease, or different diseases over time for a single country, we estimate the impact that new drug launches that occurred during the period 1982–2015 had on hospitalization in 2015 for 67 diseases in 15 OECD countries. Our models include both country fixed effects and disease fixed effects, which control for the average propensity of people to be hospitalized in each country and from each disease. The number of hospital discharges and days of care in 2015 is significantly inversely related to the number of drugs launched during 1982–2005, but not significantly related to the number of drugs launched after 2005. (Utilization of drugs during the first few years after they are launched is relatively low, and drugs for chronic conditions may have to be consumed for several years to achieve full effectiveness.) The estimates imply that, if no new drugs had been launched after 1981, total days of care in 2015 would have been 163% higher than it actually was. The estimated reduction in 2015 hospital expenditure that may be attributable to post-1981 drug launches was 5.3 times as large as 2015 expenditure on those drugs.

scholarly journals Australia: a land of missed opportunities?

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 674-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Greasley ◽  
Eoin McLaughlin ◽  
Nick Hanley ◽  
Les Oxley
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Future Consumption ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita Consumption ◽  
Over Time

AbstractComprehensive Investment (CI) may provide an indicator of future changes in a country's per capita consumption. The authors explore the utility of the CI indicator for Australia by constructing CI data since 1861 and by estimating their relationship with changes in future consumption over periods of 50 years ahead. The CI measures include changes in natural, produced and human capital, and make allowance for exogenous technological progress. The results are used to consider how Australia's natural capital exploitation influenced the consumption of future generations. Further, the authors gauge if low CI relative to other leading OECD countries resulted in lower consumption levels in Australia over time than feasible, had it saved more.

scholarly journals Promise and Pitfalls in the Use of “Secondary” Data-Sets: Income Inequality in OECD Countries as a Case Study

2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 771-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony B Atkinson ◽  
Andrea Brandolini
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Over Time

This paper examines the role of secondary data-sets in empirical economic research, taking the field of income distribution as a case study. We illustrate problems faced by users of “secondary” statistics, showing how both cross-country comparisons and time-series analysis can depend sensitively on the choice of data. After describing the genealogy of secondary data-sets on income inequality, we consider the main methodological issues and discuss their implications for comparisons of income inequality across OECD countries and over time. The lessons to be drawn for the construction and use of secondary data-sets are summarized at the end of the paper.

scholarly journals Limited Progress in Improving Gender and Geographic Representation in Coral Reef Science

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabby N. Ahmadia ◽  
Samantha H. Cheng ◽  
Dominic A. Andradi-Brown ◽  
Stacy K. Baez ◽  
Megan D. Barnes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Environmental Justice ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Science ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Over Time

Despite increasing recognition of the need for more diverse and equitable representation in the sciences, it is unclear whether measurable progress has been made. Here, we examine trends in authorship in coral reef science from 1,677 articles published over the past 16 years (2003–2018) and find that while representation of authors that are women (from 18 to 33%) and from non-OECD nations (from 4 to 13%) have increased over time, progress is slow in achieving more equitable representation. For example, at the current rate, it would take over two decades for female representation to reach 50%. Given that there are more coral reef non-OECD countries, at the current rate, truly equitable representation of non-OECD countries would take even longer. OECD nations also continue to dominate authorship contributions in coral reef science (89%), in research conducted in both OECD (63%) and non-OECD nations (68%). We identify systemic issues that remain prevalent in coral reef science (i.e., parachute science, gender bias) that likely contribute to observed trends. We provide recommendations to address systemic biases in research to foster a more inclusive global science community. Adoption of these recommendations will lead to more creative, innovative, and impactful scientific approaches urgently needed for coral reefs and contribute to environmental justice efforts.

scholarly journals The effect of adherence to a smartphone app use on long-term effectiveness of weight loss in developing and OECD countries (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Youl Rhee ◽  
Myeung Hee Han
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Smartphone App ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Over Time

BACKGROUND Behavioral change interventions using smartphone applications (apps) have rapidly increased worldwide to prevent non-communicable diseases. However, most previous studies on the use and effectiveness of apps have been conducted in OECD countries, and rarely in developing countries. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the characteristics of long-term use of an app and examine the effects of app use on body weight changes over time between developing and OECD countries. METHODS Secondary data analysis was conducted with the repeated measures. Data were collected from users (n=312) in developing countries and users (n=8041) in OECD countries who used the app for 12-month. The app provided programs for self-monitoring of physical activity, dietary intake, and body weight. Descriptive statistics, independent T-tests, Chi-square tests and linear mixed models were used for analysis. RESULTS Body weight of overall users significantly decreased over time (-1.79kg, P <.001), however, there was no statistically significant difference in the change of body weight for 12-month between developing and OECD countries (β= -.16, P=.189). The changes in body weight over time (from baseline to 12 months) differed by gender (β= -19.01, P <.001). In addition, users who frequently monitored their lunch (β= -0.1, P <.001), dinner (β= -0.1, P <.001), body weight (β= -0.1, P <.001), evening snack (β= -0.1, P <.001), and exercise (β= -0.03, P <.001) showed significant weight loss over time. CONCLUSIONS This study found that smartphone app could be effective tools for self-monitoring of health-related behaviors and achieving weight loss regardless of the level of development of the user’s country of residence.

Auswirkungen der Globalisierung auf die Struktur der Besteuerung

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 4-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Becker ◽  
May Elsayyad ◽  
Clemens Fuest
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Tax Structures

AbstractThis paper reviews theoretical predictions on the likely effect of globalization on tax revenues and tax structures in developed countries. The predictions are then confronted with data from OECD countries. The evidence suggests that, in contrast to wide-held views, globalization only marginally affects tax revenues and structures. Most importantly, while it is often assumed that globalization would undermine national governments’ ability to tax mobile businesses, corporate tax revenue has increased over time. Overall, the tax systems in developed countries are highly stable in terms of both revenues and tax structure.

The Behavior of Divorce Rates: A Smooth Transition Regression Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Marko Korhonen ◽  
Mikko Puhakka
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Model ◽  
Divorce Rate ◽  
Large Change ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Divorce Laws ◽  
Regression Approach ◽  
Smooth Transition Regression ◽  
Divorce Rates ◽  
Over Time

AbstractWe explore the behavior of the divorce rates in 17 OECD countries for the period 1960–2010. Many studies have found persistence in divorce rates after changes in divorce laws. We formulate a nonlinear model to explain the behavior of divorce rates, over time, after a large change in divorce rate, including changes in divorce laws.We argue that the stationary smooth transition regression (STR) approach is useful in analyzing divorce rates. We reject the persistence result and, in addition, provide evidence on asymmetries in divorce rates. This suggests that one should be careful when interpreting the effects of the changes in divorce rates (especially changes in the divorce and family laws) on divorce rates.

Permeable Participation: Civic Engagement and Protest Mobilization in 20 OECD Countries, 1981–2008

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Rafail ◽  
Isaac Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Over Time

Civic engagement and protest mobilization have generally been treated as distinct activities, with separate literatures examining each form of participation. This differentiation largely rests on the political nature of protest, which is treated as inconsistent with more apolitical civic engagement. We argue that the boundaries between protest participation and civic engagement became more permeable over time. We link this to consistency in the profiles of individuals who become engaged and the institutionalization of protest, which expanded the participatory base of protest to new groups. Using four waves of the European and World Values Survey, we analyze 78,524 individuals from 20 member states of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Results from a multilevel multinomial logistic regression analysis demonstrate that while there have been modest increases in protesting and civic engagement over time, individuals participating in both types of activities have experienced the most growth, consistent with our argument.

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