scholarly journals The Impact of New Drug Launches on Hospitalization in 2015 for 67 Medical Conditions in 15 OECD Countries: A Two-Way Fixed-Effects Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank R. Lichtenberg
Keyword(s):  
Prescription Drug ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Pharmaceutical Innovation ◽  
Cost Offset ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Offsets ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract There are two types of prescription drug cost offsets. The first type of cost offset – from prescription drug use – is primarily about the effect of changes in drug quantity (e.g. due to changes in out-of-pocket drug costs) on other medical costs. Previous studies indicate that the cost offsets from prescription drug use may slightly exceed the cost of the drugs themselves. The second type of cost offset – the cost offset from prescription drug innovation – is primarily about the effect of prescription drug quality on other medical costs. Two previous studies (of a single disease or a single country) found that pharmaceutical innovation reduced hospitalization, and that the reduction in hospital cost from the use of newer drugs was considerably greater than the innovation-induced increase in pharmaceutical expenditure. In this study, we reexamine the impact that pharmaceutical innovation has had on hospitalization, employing a different type of 2-way fixed effects research design. In lieu of analyzing different countries over time for a single disease, or different diseases over time for a single country, we estimate the impact that new drug launches that occurred during the period 1982–2015 had on hospitalization in 2015 for 67 diseases in 15 OECD countries. Our models include both country fixed effects and disease fixed effects, which control for the average propensity of people to be hospitalized in each country and from each disease. The number of hospital discharges and days of care in 2015 is significantly inversely related to the number of drugs launched during 1982–2005, but not significantly related to the number of drugs launched after 2005. (Utilization of drugs during the first few years after they are launched is relatively low, and drugs for chronic conditions may have to be consumed for several years to achieve full effectiveness.) The estimates imply that, if no new drugs had been launched after 1981, total days of care in 2015 would have been 163% higher than it actually was. The estimated reduction in 2015 hospital expenditure that may be attributable to post-1981 drug launches was 5.3 times as large as 2015 expenditure on those drugs.

Can labor productivity growth reduce carbon emission? Evidence from OECD countries and China

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueli Chen ◽  
Wanshu Ma ◽  
Vivian Valdmanis
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Ekc Hypothesis ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the challenges involved in the trade-offs of labor productivity and per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emission.Design/methodology/approachIn this research, we used a balanced dataset of 36 OECD countries and China between 1990 and 2018. We examined the relationship between labor productivity and per capita CO2 emission for OECD countries and China based on an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Further, the fixed effects model of estimation was employed to examine the impact of variables during the sample period and explore the relationship between predictor and outcome variables within an entity while controlling for all time-invariant differences.FindingsThis study confirmed the existence of the N-shape EKC hypothesis in 36 OECD countries and China. This implies that at the initial development stage, per capita CO2 emission increased with labor productivity; however, after reaching certain threshold, per capita CO2 emission began to fall with rising labor productivity. Then the per capita CO2 emission rises again when labor productivity continually increases.Originality/valueIn this study, we explored the dynamic association between labor productivity and per capita CO2 emissions for 36 OECD countries and China under the EKC framework from 1990 to 2018 by using the labor productivity and per capita CO2 emission as economic and environmental indicators of one country respectively. This study’s contribution showed the following: first, the empirical findings confirmed the N-shape relationship between labor productivity and per capita CO2 emissions for 36 OECD countries and China; second, the findings demonstrated that the association among the underlying variables by testing through the fixed effect model.

scholarly journals The Impact of Bank Deregulations on Farm Financial Stress and Stability

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1684
Author(s):  
Eric C. Davis ◽  
Ani L. Katchova
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Financial Stress ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Banking Deregulation ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Interstate Banking ◽  
Bank Deregulation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Previous research on bank deregulation has supported the idea that interstate banking deregulation lowered the cost of credit and increased the net farm income. This analysis builds on that base by investigating whether the agricultural loan delinquency volume was also affected. Using a panel data fixed effects approach, deregulation was found to be associated with changes in the volume of delinquencies: interstate banking deregulation reduced the volume of production loan delinquencies, and de novo branching deregulation increased both production and real-estate loan delinquencies. Thus, deregulation’s outcome is not clear cut: interstate banking reduced farm financial stress but de novo deregulation increased it.

Technical Assessment of Constructions in Real Estate Appraisal

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 639-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Albu
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Real Estate Appraisal ◽  
Cost Approach ◽  
Technical Assessment ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

One of the modern society priorities is the tendency towards sustainable social and economic development. Sustainable development is possible through the preservation and efficient use of the values created by our ancestors and the ability to meet current needs so as not to endanger the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Real estate appraisal activity evaluates the changes in property value over time. Physical or legal actions on the property are justified only if the future value is not affected.Theory and practice of appraisal activity quantifies three approaches to value:The Sales Comparison Approach – value is examined in terms of current market preferences;The Income Approach – determine the income the property is expected to generate over time as a result of the most probable use;The Cost Approach – value is perceived in terms of replacement cost of real estate with one with comparable utility.Technical assessment of constructions is applied as a rule mainly in the cost approach, and has a major impact on the estimate of market value. The role of technical assessment is reduced, even ignored and not taken into account in other approaches.The present research examined the role of technical assessment of constructions in the process of real estate appraisal and the impact of inspection on the real estate value.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Technological Capability of a Host Country on Inward FDI in OECD Countries: The Moderating Roles of Institutional Quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9711
Author(s):  
Seunghyun Kim ◽  
Byungchul Choi
Keyword(s):  
Host Country ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Technological Capability ◽  
Government Size ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dynamic Links

This empirical study explores the impacts of technological capability on inward foreign direct investment (FDI) with the moderations of institutional quality. We extend the existing literature by contributing the dynamic links between technology trade and institutional quality by using the panel data of 35 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries between 2000 and 2015. Based on fixed-effects regression, our results show that there is a U-shape relationship between the net technological capability of a host country and inward FDI. In addition, the institutional quality of a host country, government size and regulation have positive moderations, whereas sound money accessibility and legal system and property protection have negative moderations on the main U-shape relationship. Our study contributes to the literature on the determinants of inward FDI in the context of technological capabilities and institutional quality.

Safety profile of ripretinib, including impact of alopecia, and Palmar-Plantar Erythrodysesthesia Syndrome (PPES) on patient-reported outcomes (PROs), in ≥ fourth-line advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): Analyses from INVICTUS.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 11539-11539
Author(s):  
Suzanne George ◽  
Michael C. Heinrich ◽  
John Raymond Zalcberg ◽  
Sebastian Bauer ◽  
Hans Gelderblom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Profile ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
P Value ◽  
Tolerability Profile ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Advanced Gist ◽  
Over Time

11539 Background: Ripretinib is a novel switch-control TKI that broadly inhibits KIT and PDGFRA kinase signaling. In INVICTUS (NCT03353753), a randomized, double-blind, placebo (PBO)-controlled trial of ripretinib in ≥4th-line advanced GIST, ripretinib reduced the risk of disease progression or death by 85% vs PBO with a favorable overall safety profile. Common ( > 20%) adverse events (AEs) included, but were not limited to, alopecia and PPES. Exploratory analyses evaluated the impact of alopecia and PPES on quality of life (QoL). Methods: Patients (pts) with advanced GIST previously treated with at least imatinib, sunitinib, and regorafenib were randomized (2:1) to ripretinib 150 mg QD or PBO. AEs were graded using CTCAE v4 and PROs collected using EQ-5D-5L (EQ5D) and EORTC QLQ-C30 (C30). Repeated measures (RM) models assessed the impact of alopecia and PPES on 5 PROs (EQ5D visual analogue scale; and C30 physical functioning, role functioning, and the overall health and overall QoL questions) within the ripretinib arm. Fixed effects were sex, alopecia/PPES, and ECOG scores at baseline. Results: 128/129 randomized pts received treatment (85 ripretinib 150 mg QD; 43 PBO). Alopecia, regardless of causality, occurred in 44 (51.8%) on ripretinib (34 [40.0%] grade 1; 10 [11.8%] grade 2) and 2 (4.7%) on PBO (both grade 1). PPES occurred in 18 (21.2%) on ripretinib (11 [12.9%] grade 1; 7 [8.2%] grade 2); none on PBO. The median times in days to first occurrence and worst severity grade with ripretinib were 57.0 and 62.5 for alopecia; 56.5 and 57.0 for PPES. The RM models showed a slight trend towards improvement in PRO score over time for pts with alopecia; the only association reaching a P-value of < 0.05 was between alopecia and increased overall QoL. None of the associations between PPES and PRO scores reach P < 0.05. All PRO p-values are nominal, and no statistical significance is being claimed. Conclusions: Ripretinib had a favorable overall safety and tolerability profile. When stratified by alopecia and PPES, patient-reported assessments of function, overall health, and overall QoL were maintained over time. For both alopecia and PPES, onset and maximum severity occurred almost simultaneously, indicating that these events generally did not progressively worsen. These results suggest that alopecia and PPES are manageable and do not have a negative effect on function, overall health, and QoL. Clinical trial information: NCT03353753 .

scholarly journals Cultural change and the migration choice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Lanati ◽  
Alessandra Venturini
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
Cultural Proximity ◽  
World Econ ◽  
Cultural Affinity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

AbstractCultural differences play an important role in shaping migration patterns. The conventional proxies for cross country cultural differences, such as common language; ethnicity; genetic traits; or religion, implicitly assume that cultural proximity between two countries is constant over time and symmetric. This is far from realistic. This paper proposes a gravity model for international migration which explicitly allows for the time varying and asymmetric dimensions of cultural proximity. In accordance with Disdier, Tai, Fontagné, Mayer (Rev World Econ, 145(4):575–595, 2010) we assume that the evolution of bilateral cultural affinity over time is reflected in the intensity of bilateral trade in cultural goods. The empirical framework includes a comprehensive set of high dimensional fixed effects which enable identification of the impact of cultural proximity on migration over and beyond the effect of pre-existing cultural and historical ties. The results are robust across different econometric techniques and suggest that positive changes in cultural relationships over time foster bilateral migration.

scholarly journals The Impact of Psoriasis on the Quality of Life of Patients in San Antonio, TX

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-334
Author(s):  
Anisha Guda ◽  
Catherine Kowalewski ◽  
Sandra Osswald ◽  
Richard Usatine
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Support Group ◽  
San Antonio ◽  
Care And Support ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Barrier To Care ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Question Survey ◽  
Over Time

Background: Psoriasis impacts 2% of the world’s population. The disease affects the quality of life of patients by causing pain and depression. Little information is available regarding the impact of psoriasis on San Antonio patients.Objective: This project obtained information from patients about how they are coping with psoriasis, impact on their quality of life, barriers to care, and support systems they have.Methods: An IRB approved six question survey was administered to 50 patients who attended the VA, a psoriasis support group, and Haven for Hope homeless clinic.Results: 40% of patients who completed the survey had been living with psoriasis for less than 5 years. 75% of patients in this group claimed they were severely depressed. The disease impacted them most psychologically and their greatest barrier to care was access to medications that “cured” their psoriasis. 60% of the patients were living with psoriasis for more than 5 years, and 81% claimed they were not depressed at all. Psoriasis impacted them most financially and their greatest barrier was the cost of care.Conclusion: Acutely, psoriasis patients are impacted psychologically and are frustrated with their disease. Over time, they learn to live with their condition and are impacted by the economic aspects of care.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONS ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A CASE OF VIETNAM

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Trần Thanh Trúc ◽  
Trương Ngọc Hảo
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Quantitative Research Methods ◽  
Land Access ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Entry Cost ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This study attempts to examine the impact of institutional factors on entrepreneurship in Vietnam from 2005 to 2015. The study utilizes quantitative research methods with panel data collected from secondary sources of the General Statistics Office, Statistical Yearbook of Provinces, and the Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI). The results based on fixed effects estimation show that the “entry cost” and “land access and stability in land use” are two indicators that have the strongest negative effect on entrepreneurship in Vietnam. Therefore, it is necessary to have specific policies to reduce the cost of market entry as well as more effective land use options to support entrepreneurship development in Vietnam.

scholarly journals A cost-efficient face learning mechanism: The impact of stability in appearance on the resolution of facial representations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christel Devue ◽  
Sofie de Sena ◽  
Jade Wright
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Learning Mechanism ◽  
Coarse Information ◽  
Reliable Representation ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Recognition Errors ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

The way faces become familiar and what information is represented as familiarity develops has puzzled researchers in the field of human face recognition for decades. In this paper, we propose a cost-efficient mechanism of face learning to describe how facial representations form over time and that explains why recognition errors occur. Encoding of diagnostic facial information would follow a coarse-to-fine trajectory, modulated by the intrinsic stability in individual faces’ appearance. In four experiments, we draw on a robust and ecological method using a proxy of exposure to famous faces in the real world to test hypotheses generated by the model and we manipulate test images to probe the nature of facial representations. We consistently show that stable facial appearances help create more reliable representation in early stages of familiarisation but that their resolution remains relatively low and therefore less discriminative over time. In contrast, variations in appearance hinder recognition at first but encourage refinement of representations with further exposure. Consistent with the cost-efficient face learning mechanism we propose, facial representations built on a foundation of large-scale coarse information. When coarse information loses its diagnostic value through the experience of variations across encounters, facial details and their spatial relationships receive additional representational weights.

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