The co-financing rate could be higher the lower the cost of labour hoarding and the higher the replacement cost of workers

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Replacement Cost ◽  
The Cost

Economic valuation of reduction in nitrogen outflow from a paddy field area equipped with a recycling irrigation facility

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.W. Feng ◽  
E. Shiratani ◽  
I. Yoshinaga ◽  
T. Hitomi
Keyword(s):  
Paddy Field ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Replacement Cost ◽  
Water Quality Improvement ◽  
Irrigation Period ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Japanese Yen ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Field Area

We estimated the reduction in nitrogen outflow load from a paddy field that had a recycling irrigation facility and, by using a replacement cost method, evaluated the economic effect of nitrogen removal by the paddy field during the irrigation period in the Yoshinuma region of Tsukuba City, Japan. The recycling ratio of outflow water (proportion of outflow reused) was 13.5%. The nitrogen (N) outflow load was reduced by about 45 kg ha−1 by the N removal function of the paddy field and by about 39 kg ha−1 by the recycling irrigation facility. The paddy field equipped with a recycling irrigation facility as an N removal facility was valued at 32.6 million Japanese yen (JPY) ha−1 and 0.72 million JPY ha−1 per year, which compare it with the construction and maintenance costs, respectively, of a water quality improvement facility. The recycling irrigation facility was costed at 17.3 million JPY ha−1 for construction and 0.21 million JPY ha−1 for maintenance per year. The cost for constructing and maintaining a recycling irrigation facility was 53% of the value of the paddy field area equipped with a recycling irrigation facility as an N removal facility.

Capacity changes in U.S. particleboard, southern pine plywood, and oriented strandboard industries

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Spelter
Keyword(s):  
Market Value ◽  
Replacement Cost ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Oriented Strandboard ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Investment Response ◽  
Early Phases

An industry's supply response can be decomposed into tactical (short-run) and strategic (long-run) components. The strategic component, dealing with investments in new capacity, determines the evolution of an industry and its ability to meet changing market demands. A decisive factor affecting capacity investment is the profitability of the commodity produced in relation to the cost of the equipment needed to make it. This concept is related to a theory of investment embodied in the concept of "q" developed by J. Tobin, which suggests that the ratio between the market value of an industry and the replacement cost of capital influences decisions to invest. The results developed here suggest that the theory works well for oriented strandboard, southern pine plywood, and particleboard industries. However, adjustments must be made to the empirical formula to take into account lags between the price stimulus and investment response and the difference in growth rates during the early phases of an industry's life compared with the more mature phases.

scholarly journals Depreciated Replacement Cost: Improving the Method Through a Variant Based on three Cornerstones

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-47
Author(s):  
Sergio Copiello ◽  
Pietro Bonifaci
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Residual Life ◽  
Building Structure ◽  
Replacement Cost ◽  
Real Estate Appraisal ◽  
The Third ◽  
Useful Life ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Within the scope of real estate appraisal, the Depreciated Replacement Cost method is mostly seen as a solution of last resort, when no other option is available. Nonetheless, it is ever more useful in addressing various estimation needs. In its basic formulation, the method suffers from several simplifications that lead to rather rough results. Here we try to go beyond these limits. To this end, we propose a variant based on the following three cornerstones. The first is the partition of the replacement cost into its fundamental components, at least according to three cost items: building structure, finishes, and installations. The second cornerstone is the formulation of different depreciation curves for each of the cost items mentioned above, by processing distinct data on useful life and residual life. Finally, the third cornerstone is represented by the definition of a complex depreciation function to take into account both the original useful life of the construction and its lengthening due to partial or full refurbishments.

Measuring the Cost of Obsolescence

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark White
Keyword(s):  
National Laboratory ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Replacement Cost ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Empirical Formulas ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Entire Plant ◽  
Test Reactor ◽  
The Cost

The Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has provided the capability for irradiation testing of nuclear fuels and materials since 1967, and is expected to operate for several more years. Within the scope of extending the life of a nuclear plant is dealing with aging and obsolescence issues. A component can be considered obsolete if the manufacturer no longer supports the component, or if the manufacturer does not even exist anymore. Though these components can be considered obsolete, the cost of obsolescence may or may not be significant; it may be more cost-effective to leave and/or repair the component rather than to replace it. The project at hand is to develop a tool that will not only identify these components, series of components, or entire systems that are obsolete, but to quantify the cost of obsolescence. This engineering tool will be based on empirical formulas created from data collected from factors that deal with obsolescence. These factors are primarily, the cost of item replacement, current cost of maintenance, cost of maintenance of the replacement, cost of failure, risk of failure, safety, increase in performance/efficiency, length of manufacturer’s support, and so forth. The objective is to be able to look at the outcome of this engineering tool and clearly see what needs to be replaced, be it a component, series of components, or an entire system. If there are several such replacements needed, which one(s) have the greatest priority for replacement. Therefore the engineering tool will identify, quantify, and prioritize the cost of obsolescence in the plant. An engineering tool of this type should find application in a number of nuclear and non-nuclear facilities. While the engineering tool is being developed, the first stage of development will be on system components. Once the foundation is set it will be used to evaluate other systems and eventually expand and develop the engineering tool for the entire plant.

scholarly journals VALUASI EKONOMI NILAI GUNA TIDAK LANGSUNG KAWASAN MANGROVE DI KELURAHAN SETAPUK BESAR KOTA SINGKAWANG

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iphon Nandu ◽  
Emi Roslinda ◽  
Gusti Hardiansyah
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Replacement Cost ◽  
Physical Research ◽  
The Cost

This research to determine the indirect use value of coastal protection by planting mangroves in Setapuk Besar Village and comparing the benefits between the development of coastal protection in biological and physical. research was carried out from July-August 2018. this study used descriptive quantitative method. Analyze the data using the replacement cost method. Interview was carried out only with key respondents who as acted the chairman of the SPM (Surya Perdana Mandiri) association in Setapuk Besar. The results showed that total costs incurred are based on planting, protection, work wages and inventory activities of Rp. 270.182.000 there was 4 (four) financing according to the object of expenditure in the mangrove return activities (Enrichment). The cost of returning mangroves is much cheaper than the cost of making breakwaters other than that the benefits of mangroves are far more than building protection with Breakwater.Keyword: Economic valuation, Mangrove, replacement cost

Optimization of Generator Structure and Additional Anode Access Method of MDAM System

2010 ◽  
Vol 34-35 ◽  
pp. 417-421
Author(s):  
X. Li Tian ◽  
J.F. Yang ◽  
Bao Guo Zhang ◽  
Fang Guo ◽  
Ya Tao Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Replacement Cost ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Access Method ◽  
Access Methods ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Machining Of Ceramics

MDAM technology is a brand-new and low-cost machining technology. Based on the brief introduction of MDAM system, the generator structure and additional anode access method are in-depth studied. The results show that the cost of consumable parts can be reduced to a minimum of only 10.9% of the original design for optimized generator based on cost reduction, but have the problems of lifespan reduction and frequently replacement. Cost and efficiency are considered comprehensively in the design of final optimized generator, which not only extends the lifespan of consumable pieces about 4 times and improves machining efficiency, but also reduces the cost to only 36.4% of the original design. So it is adopted by the system. On the choice of additional anode access methods, through comprehensive comparison, the method of additional anode attaching with the nozzle directly is ascertained, which is simple and easy realized, and reduces the damage to the surface and sub-surface during the machining of ceramics and other brittle materials. The results lay a solid foundation for further technology promotion.

Analysing the perceptions of UK building contractors on the contributors to the cost of construction plant theft

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusanjo O. Fadiya ◽  
Panos Georgakis ◽  
Ezekiel Chinyio ◽  
Peter Akadiri
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Insurance Premium ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Replacement Cost ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Construction Plant ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Construction

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to consider the significance of the sources of cost of construction plant theft identified in previous studies and derive rates which can enhance proper estimation of the cost of plant theft to the construction industry. The direct and indirect costs of plant theft include replacement cost (new‐for‐old/depreciated), emergency cost, hire replacement cost, productivity loss, increased labour cost, loss of goodwill, administration cost, increased insurance premium and social cost.Design/methodology/approachThe cost‐contribution of these various sources was studied, using a structured questionnaire which was administered to building contractors in the UK construction industry, to measure their opinions of the frequency and severity of the contribution of the sources to the cost of construction plant theft. The questionnaires were administered to 220 companies and 51 of them were fully completed, representing 23.1 per cent of the original sample. The responses were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics to derive the probabilities of sources contributing to the cost of plant theft.FindingsThe results of the analysis show that the rates of contribution to the cost of plant theft varies significantly between the sources, with “loss of output” and “increased insurance premium” ranking as the top‐two costs of plant theft in the UK construction industry. The rates derived in this study can be used by contractors to reasonably estimate the cost of plant theft, especially when there is need to justify the adoption of measures that can mitigate plant theft.Originality/valueThis study generated rates of contribution by factors which contribute to the overall cost of theft of construction plant in the UK. These rates can provide a more reliable estimate of the cost of plant theft than current estimations which vary significantly.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN METODE LIFE-CYCLE COST DALAM PERHITUNGAN EVALUASI EKONOMI JEMBATAN UNTUK PENENTUAN PRIORITAS PENANGANAN JEMBATAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Risang Aji Dananjoyo ◽  
Akhmad Aminullah ◽  
Arief Setiawan Budi Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Replacement Cost ◽  
Bridge Management ◽  
Bridge Management System ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Damage Costs ◽  
Bridge Damage ◽  
A Priority ◽  
The Cost

The economic evaluation of the Interurban Bridge Management System (IBMS) aims to determine the priority of bridge handling. One of the calculations required in NPV and IRR calculations used in priority handling is the cost of replacing the bridge. Over time, the IBMS system must be constantly updated to continue to use in accordance with current circumstances and use new, better methods. This study uses Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) method as an alternative method to calculate the replacement cost of 5 bridges in D.I. Yogyakarta in 2012. The IBMS method produces a priority sequence of bridge handling with Bogo bridge, Suru bridge, Winongo bridge, Kalasan B bridge and Duren bridge in sequence. The LCC method produces a priority sequence of bridge handling with Bogo bridge, Winongo bridge, Suru bridge, Kalasan B bridge and Duren bridge. A. The average initial cost of bridge replacement using both methods is 23.012%. The value earned using the Life-Cycle Cost method is always greater due to the addition of inspection fees, maintenance costs, and bridge damage costs.

The IBM-PC in electron microscopy

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 612-613
Author(s):  
James F. Mancuso
Keyword(s):  
Head Start ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Financial Applications ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Instrument Control ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Training And Support ◽  
Control Image ◽  
Ibm Pc

IBM PC compatible computers are widely used in microscopy for applications ranging from control to image acquisition and analysis. The choice of IBM-PC based systems over competing computer platforms can be based on technical merit alone or on a number of factors relating to economics, availability of peripherals, management dictum, or simple personal preference.IBM-PC got a strong “head start” by first dominating clerical, document processing and financial applications. The use of these computers spilled into the laboratory where the DOS based IBM-PC replaced mini-computers. Compared to minicomputer, the PC provided a more for cost-effective platform for applications in numerical analysis, engineering and design, instrument control, image acquisition and image processing. In addition, the sitewide use of a common PC platform could reduce the cost of training and support services relative to cases where many different computer platforms were used. This could be especially true for the microscopists who must use computers in both the laboratory and the office.

New Feasible Concepts of Aberration Correction for Realizing High-Resolution Electron Microscopes

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-203
Author(s):  
H. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Electron Wave ◽  
Optical Lens ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Rotationally Symmetric ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Imaging Performance ◽  
Acceleration Voltage

The imaging performance of the light optical lens systems has reached such a degree of perfection that nowadays numerical apertures of about 1 can be utilized. Compared to this state of development the objective lenses of electron microscopes are rather poor allowing at most usable apertures somewhat smaller than 10-2 . This severe shortcoming is due to the unavoidable axial chromatic and spherical aberration of rotationally symmetric electron lenses employed so far in all electron microscopes.The resolution of such electron microscopes can only be improved by increasing the accelerating voltage which shortens the electron wave length. Unfortunately, this procedure is rather ineffective because the achievable gain in resolution is only proportional to λ1/4 for a fixed magnetic field strength determined by the magnetic saturation of the pole pieces. Moreover, increasing the acceleration voltage results in deleterious knock-on processes and in extreme difficulties to stabilize the high voltage. Last not least the cost increase exponentially with voltage.

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