What Breathing Insulin Means for Diabetes Treatment

2006 ◽  
Vol 00 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Rendell
Keyword(s):  
Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Severe Deficiency ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Insufficient Response ◽  
Relative Deficiency ◽  
Insulin Secretory Capacity

Type 1 diabetes is a disease of severe deficiency of endogenously secreted insulin. When introduced in the late 1920s, injected insulin treatment proved to be a lifesaving treatment for type 1 patients. The primary abnormality in type 2 diabetes is a relative deficiency of insulin secretory capacity resulting in insufficient response to tissue insulin resistance. Normalization of blood glucose levels is the goal of diabetes treatment.Yet, a large proportion of patients with diabetes fail to meet recommended glycemic goals. Two-thirds of patients (67%) in one survey conducted by the American College of Clinical Endocrinologists failed to meet the target goal of 6.5% glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c).1

scholarly journals Using stratified medicine in diabetes

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-21
Author(s):  
Katharine R. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Islet Cells ◽  
Stratified Medicine ◽  
Insulin Production ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Monogenic Forms Of Diabetes ◽  
Relative Deficiency

Diabetes mellitus is a common long-term condition characterized by raised blood glucose levels secondary to an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin production from the pancreatic islet -cells. Diabetes is highly heterogeneous in terms of aetiology1, making it a good candidate for stratified medicine approaches. Clinical studies have shown that the standard first-line treatments for Type 1 diabetes (insulin) and Type 2 diabetes (metformin) are not applicable to the rarer monogenic forms of diabetes, so in these cases making a molecular diagnosis can help to direct and optimize treatment.

scholarly journals Platelet Effects of Anti-diabetic Therapies: New Perspectives in the Management of Patients with Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annunziata Nusca ◽  
Dario Tuccinardi ◽  
Silvia Pieralice ◽  
Sara Giannone ◽  
Myriam Carpenito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Optimal Management ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Thrombotic Risk ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

In type 2 diabetes, anti-thrombotic management is challenging, and current anti-platelet agents have demonstrated reduced efficacy. Old and new anti-diabetic drugs exhibited—besides lowering blood glucose levels—direct and indirect effects on platelet function and on thrombotic milieu, eventually conditioning cardiovascular outcomes. The present review summarizes existing evidence on the effects of glucose-lowering agents on platelet properties, addressing pre-clinical and clinical research, as well as drug–drug interactions with anti-platelet agents. We aimed at expanding clinicians’ understanding by highlighting new opportunities for an optimal management of patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We suggest how an improvement of the thrombotic risk in this large population of patients may be achieved by a careful and tailored combination of anti-diabetic and anti-platelet therapies.

Depression and the Reporting of Diabetes Symptoms

1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Lustman ◽  
Ray E. Clouse ◽  
Robert M. Carney
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Control ◽  
Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽  
Blood Glucose Control ◽  
Depressive Mood ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of diabetes symptoms to current mood and general metabolic control was studied. Symptoms commonly associated with poorly controlled diabetes (e.g., thirst, polyuria, weight loss) were measured in 114 patients with diabetes mellitus (type 1 = 57, type 2 = 57). Scores for these individual symptoms were correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) and depression as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). HbA1 was poorly correlated ( r < 0.2) with nine of the eleven symptoms and made a significant independent contribution only to the reporting of polyuria ( p = 0.04). In contrast, depression was moderately correlated with nine symptoms and had a significant effect on the reporting of two of three hyperglycemic symptoms, five of six hypoglycemic symptoms, and both nonspecific symptoms of poor control ( p < 0.05 for each). We conclude that many reported symptoms often attributed to diabetes are more related to depressive mood than to a conventional clinical measure of blood glucose control. Diabetes symptoms may be unreliable indicators of poor metabolic control when features suggestive of depression are present.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Realtime Continuous Glucose Monitoring in People with Type 2 Diabetes

2012 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Susan Walker ◽  
Stephanie J Fonda ◽  
Sara Salkind ◽  
Robert A Vigersky ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Continuous Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Previous research has shown that realtime continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) is a useful clinical and lifestyle aid for people with type 1 diabetes. However, its usefulness and efficacy for people with type 2 diabetes is less known and potentially controversial, given the continuing controversy over the efficacy of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in this cohort. This article reviews theextantliterature on RT-CGM for people with type 2 diabetes, and enumerates several of the advantages and disadvantages of this technology from the perspective of providers and patients. Even patients with type 2 diabetes who are not using insulin and/or are relatively well controlled on oral medications have been shown to spend a significant amount of time each day in hyperglycemia. Additional tools beyond SMBG are necessary to enable providers and patients to clearly grasp and manage the frequency and amplitude of glucose excursions in people with type 2 diabetes who are not on insulin. While SMBG is useful for measuring blood glucose levels, patients do not regularly check and SMBG does not enable many to adequately manage blood glucose levels or capture marked and sustained hyperglycemic excursions. RT-CGM systems, valuable diabetes management tools for people with type 1 diabetes or insulin-treated type 2 diabetes, have recently been used in type 2 diabetes patients. Theextantstudies, although few, have demonstrated that the use of RT-CGM has empowered people with type 2 diabetes to improve their glycemic control by making and sustaining healthy lifestyle choices.

Diabetes mellitus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Shotliff
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cells ◽  
Insulin Deficiency ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
The Uk

Diabetes mellitus, often referred to simply as diabetes, is a syndrome of disordered metabolism (insulin deficiency and/or insulin resistance) resulting in abnormally high blood glucose levels (hyperglycaemia). Currently, 2%–6% of the UK population have diabetes; worldwide, 189 million people were known to have diabetes in 2003 and this may reach 324 million by 2025. Type 1 diabetes is due to the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, and type 2 diabetes to combined insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Other types of diabetes are also recognized. This topic reviews clinical features, diagnosis, and management of diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals Glucose transporter inhibitor-conjugated insulin mitigates hypoglycemia

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (22) ◽  
pp. 10744-10748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinqiang Wang ◽  
Jicheng Yu ◽  
Yuqi Zhang ◽  
Anna R. Kahkoska ◽  
Zejun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Diabetic Mouse ◽  
Insulin Analog ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Uncontrolled Diabetes ◽  
Increased Risk

Insulin therapy in the setting of type 1 and advanced type 2 diabetes is complicated by increased risk of hypoglycemia. This potentially fatal complication could be mitigated by a glucose-responsive insulin analog. We report an insulin-facilitated glucose transporter (Glut) inhibitor conjugate, in which the insulin molecule is rendered glucose-responsive via conjugation to an inhibitor of Glut. The binding affinity of this insulin analog to endogenous Glut is modulated by plasma and tissue glucose levels. In hyperglycemic conditions (e.g., uncontrolled diabetes or the postprandial state), the in situ-generated insulin analog−Glut complex is driven to dissociate, freeing the insulin analog and glucose-accessible Glut to restore normoglycemia. Upon overdose, enhanced binding of insulin analog to Glut suppresses the glucose transport activity of Glut to attenuate further uptake of glucose. We demonstrate the ability of this insulin conjugate to regulate blood glucose levels within a normal range while mitigating the risk of hypoglycemia in a type 1 diabetic mouse model.

Hypocaloric, plant-based oatmeal interventions in the treatment of poorly-controlled type 2 diabetes: A review

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-290
Author(s):  
Maximilian Andreas Storz ◽  
Onno Küster
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Dosage ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Clinical Implementation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Mean Blood Glucose

Background: Lifestyle interventions, including dietary modifications, play a key role in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. By the second half of the last century, dietary oatmeal interventions had frequently been used in patients with diabetes; however, with the widespread introduction of insulin, this practice gradually fell into disuse. Within the last decades, the original oatmeal intervention, first described in 1903, has been modified towards a hypocaloric, low-fat, and plant-based intervention. Aim: The aim of this review was to investigate the current role of these adapted short-term dietary oatmeal interventions in the treatment of patients suffering from poorly-controlled type 2 diabetes. A special focus was put on opportunities for and barriers to its clinical implementation and its potential mechanisms of action. Methods: The electronic databases of PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using the keywords “oat,” “oats,” “oatmeal,” and “diabetes.” Results: While there are a limited number of clinical studies including hypocaloric short-term dietary oatmeal interventions, there is evidence that these interventions may lead to a significant decrease in mean blood glucose levels and a significant reduction of insulin dosage in patients suffering from poorly-controlled type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: Modified short-term dietary oatmeal interventions are an effective and economical tool in the treatment of patients suffering from poorly-controlled type 2 diabetes.

Evaluating the Effect of Volten VR4® Kaempferia parviflora Extracts on Blood Glucose Levels in Human Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus and Healthy Individual: A Case-Control Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (10) ◽  
pp. 1610-1616
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Kaempferia Parviflora ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

Background: Volten VR4® capsules contain extract of Kaempferia parviflora (KP), which has been claimed to reduce blood glucose in patients with diabetes. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Volten VR4® on healthy individuals and Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus volunteers. Materials and Methods: The extracts of 400 mg capsules of KP were consumed for five days. The fasting and blood glucose levels of 2-hour postprandial were measured at baseline and day 5. A group of 15 healthy young adults between the age of 20- and 30-years old were the control group of the present study, while 12 volunteers aged 35 to 75 years old diagnosed with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus constituted the experimental group. Data were validated through the Willcoxon and Friedman test statistics and error distribution. Results: It had been shown that the specificity of KP reduced blood glucose levels and has associated with the flavonoids and polymethoxyflavones components. The results showed that consuming VR4® capsules significantly reduced blood glucose, either at the state of fasting or postprandially in diabetic individual. Conclusion: Volten VR4® Kaempferia parviflora extract is safe to be consumed at 400 mg at one time. The study also has shown that the participants are free from adverse reactions and hypoglycaemia. Keywords: Kaempferia parviflora; Blood glucose; Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus; Flavonoids; Polymethoxyflavones; Hypoglycemia and heavy metal elements

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