scholarly journals Digital Currency of Central Banks

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-165
Author(s):  
E. Sidorenko
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Financial Instrument ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Development Scenarios ◽  
Economic Bloc

The study provides a systematic analysis of central banks digital currencies (CBDC) as a new financial instrument. The main goal of the study was to review the CBDC economic development scenarios both domestically and internationally based on the assessment of the main features, advantages and risks of introducing this financial instrument into the modern monetary policy. The study considers the following three main characteristics of CBDC: a tool for domestic settlements, a single unit of account for the economic bloc of countries and a universal international digital currency. Each of these models was considered by the author in terms of the motivation of market participants, degree of readiness of the project and its compatibility with the existing financial system. Differentiation of models, depending on the payment architecture, the technological parameters and the implementation scale, allowed to conclude that currently there is no common understanding of the CBDC nature and economic advantages neither for individual countries nor for the international community as a whole. Noting the technological advantages of digitalization of the financial system, states are yet to answer the question of the CBDC implementation scale. Will it replace cash domestically or will it become a single international payment instrument? And are states ready today to consider such a possibility? The author concludes the study by substantiating the idea that in the next 3-5 years interest in the digital financial services sector will grow mainly in developing countries looking for a qualitative leap in the development of the digital financial services. As for the developed countries, those are neither objectively nor subjectively ready to change the already built and well-proven financial system, and therefore, given their weak interest in paradigm shifts, digital currency in the next 10 years will not be able to provide an alternative to the US dollar as a unit of international settlements. At the same time, there is a high probability of the CBDC development as a means of payment within the economic bloc of countries provided the unity of purpose of its participants.

NEW TYPE OF MONEY – CENTRAL BANK DIGITAL CURRENCY

2021 ◽  
pp. 187-197
Author(s):  
Sergei I. Belenchuk ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Bank Of China ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
New Type ◽  
Conflicting Goals

Now, with all the acuteness, the question has arisen about what types of money can replace cash and non-cash money that are issued by central and commercial banks. The central place in the new system may be occupied by the CBDC, or “Central Bank Digital Currency”. The People’s Bank of China, which uses the formation of an almost entirely “cashless” economy as the basis for the transition to digital currency, was the first major central bank to test-run the issue of the CBDC. That forced central banks of leading developed countries, primarily the United States, to speed up the implementation of their own digital currencies, but as of the end of 2020, they have not yet come to a final opinion on how, within the framework of the chosen architecture of the CBDC, to achieve an accurate balance of sometimes conflicting goals

REGULATORY AND SUPERVISORY TECHNOLOGIES ON THE FINANCIAL MARKET: CURRENT PRACTICE AND CHALLENGES

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12) ◽  
pp. 21-35
Author(s):  
Yuliia SHAPOVAL ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Market ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Market Analysis ◽  
Steady Growth ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Technical Capacity

The main areas of use of regulatory (RegTech) and supervisory (SupTech) technologies on the financial market are summarized, their main advantages and risks are highlighted. Foreign and domestic experience in the application of supervisory technologies is analyzed, in particular, in the context of reporting management, prevention and counteraction to money laundering, data collection and processing for market analysis. The use of an “accelerator” as a SupTech tool is noted. Most SupTech initiatives and projects are still under development and are mainly related to reporting and data management. Regulators of developed countries were the first to create regulatory “sandboxes”. Given that the “sandboxes” require a significant financial contribution and sometimes changes to legislation, regulators promote the formation of mainly innovation centers rather than “sandboxes”. The tendencies of development of regulatory technologies are generalized. An analytical review of the global RegTech market shows the trend of steady growth in investment in RegTech, namely the number of transactions of more than $ 40 million, with a surge in 2019, which was due to increased investment in information security and changes in EU regulations on data protection. Areas in which the development of SupTech and RegTech may face key challenges are identified, namely infrastructure (financial resources, technical capacity, staff qualifications) and the legal framework. It is substantiated that regulatory and supervisory technologies are transforming the financial services industry, providing opportunities and challenges for central banks and financial institutions.

The $19,000 Question: How Will the Economic Consequences of the Coronavirus Pandemic Affect the Financial System?

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Davies
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Interest Rates ◽  
Capital Ratios

The deep recession expected as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic will leave both governments and private-sector companies with a greatly increased debt burden. That will have severe consequences for the financial system. Banks will suffer large-scale defaults on business and personal lending. To work off the debt overhang, interest rates may be held down by central banks for a long period. Inflation may rise, which would deflate the real value of debt, but inflationary pressures are currently weak. Financial repression will add to the pressures on banks and other financial institutions. Major banks enter the crisis period with high capital ratios, but expected losses on loan portfolios will put some under strain. Less strongly capitalized new entrants may suffer disproportionately. Other likely changes are more rapid growth in digital financial services and a decline in cash usage. Central banks will probably issue their own digital currencies, which will make maintaining negative interest rates more achievable. At the same time, the international financial system will be put under strain by global tensions generated by the crisis. In this complex environment, it will be crucial for governments, central banks, and the banking system to collaborate closely and for the European Union to bolster the eurozone with long-planned but long-delayed reforms, in particular to promote a capital markets union that could relieve pressure on banks’ balance sheets.

Macroprudential Policy Instruments of Central Banks

2012 ◽  
pp. 32-47
Author(s):  
S. Andryushin ◽  
V. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Risk ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Macroprudential Policy ◽  
Policy Studies ◽  
The Future ◽  
Financial Cycles

The paper analyzes central banks macroprudencial policy and its instruments. The issues of their classification, option, design and adjustment are connected with financial stability of overall financial system and its specific institutions. The macroprudencial instruments effectiveness is evaluated from the two points: how they mitigate temporal and intersectoral systemic risk development (market, credit, and operational). The future macroprudentional policy studies directions are noted to identify the instruments, which can be used to limit the financial systemdevelopment procyclicality, mitigate the credit and financial cycles volatility.

scholarly journals Central banks: Hesitant guardians of equilibrium

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (s1) ◽  
pp. 125-139
Author(s):  
Jerzy Hausner ◽  
Andrzej Sławiński
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Budget Constraint ◽  
Soft Budget Constraint ◽  
Intellectual Heritage ◽  
Inherent Tendency

In our paper we focus on situations when central banks have to conduct monetary policy in a world in which they cannot rely fully on what is regarded the best practice and they have to cope with financial system inherent tendency to be unstable. Both phenomena are rooted in János Kornai’s intellectual heritage highlighting that economy tends to divert from equilibrium and that soft budget constraint erodes economic actors’ behavior.

Privatizing Cash: Currency and Public Goods in Sweden

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustav Peebles
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
National Currencies ◽  
The World ◽  
Near Future

Abstract Across the world, national currencies—public goods that emerged out of a previous era of currency proliferation—are now competing with private alternatives. As paper and coins fall into disuse, the seigniorage that helps to fund the circulation and regulation of currency diminishes, while their capacity to bind together states and citizens decreases in equal measure. The Swedish central bank’s response to these threats, which includes issuing the world’s first national digital currency, charts a course that all central banks must consider in the near future.

scholarly journals A Digital Currency Architecture for Privacy and Owner-Custodianship

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Goodell ◽  
Hazem Danny Al-Nakib ◽  
Paolo Tasca
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Risk ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Fractional Reserve Banking ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Fractional Reserve ◽  
Banking Relationships ◽  
Reserve Banking ◽  
Payment Mechanisms

In recent years, electronic retail payment mechanisms, especially e-commerce and card payments at the point of sale, have increasingly replaced cash in many developed countries. As a result, societies are losing a critical public retail payment option, and retail consumers are losing important rights associated with using cash. To address this concern, we propose an approach to digital currency that would allow people without banking relationships to transact electronically and privately, including both e-commerce purchases and point-of-sale purchases that are required to be cashless. Our proposal introduces a government-backed, privately-operated digital currency infrastructure to ensure that every transaction is registered by a bank or money services business, and it relies upon non-custodial wallets backed by privacy-enhancing technology, such as blind signatures or zero-knowledge proofs, to ensure that transaction counterparties are not revealed. Our approach to digital currency can also facilitate more efficient and transparent clearing, settlement, and management of systemic risk. We argue that our system can restore and preserve the salient features of cash, including privacy, owner-custodianship, fungibility, and accessibility, while also preserving fractional reserve banking and the existing two-tiered banking system. We also show that it is possible to introduce regulation of digital currency transactions involving non-custodial wallets that unconditionally protect the privacy of end-users.

scholarly journals Exploring the Role of Islamic Fintech in Combating the Aftershocks of COVID-19: The Pen Social Innovation of the Islamic Financial System

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Mustafa Raza Rabbani ◽  
Abu Bashar ◽  
Nishad Nawaz ◽  
Sitara Karim ◽  
Mahmood Asad Mohd. Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Business Context ◽  
The World

The purpose of the current study is to investigate the role of the Islamic financial system in recovery post-COVID-19 and the way Fintech can be utilized to combat the economic reverberations created by COVID-19. The global financial crisis of 2008 has established the credentials of the Islamic financial system as a sustainable financial system which can save the long run interests of the average citizens around the world while adding value to the real economy. The basic ethical tenets available in the Islamic financial system make it more suited and readymade to fight the economic aftershocks of a pandemic like COVID-19. The basic principles of ethical Islamic finance have solid connections to financial stability and corporate social responsibility within the wide-reaching business context. With the emergence of Financial technology (Fintech) it has provided a missing impetus to the Islamic financial system to compete on equal ground with its conventional counterpart and prove its mettle. The study uses discourse analysis along with the content analysis to extract content and draw a conclusion. The findings of the study indicate that COVID-19 pandemic has provided the opportunity for the social and open innovation to grow and finance world have turned to open innovation to provide a speedy, timely, reliable, and sustainable solution to the world. The findings of the study provide significant implications for governments and policy makers in efficient application of Fintech and innovative Islamic financial services to fight the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Central bank digital currency: the future of institutional changes in the banking sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-48
Author(s):  
Volodymyr MISHCHENKO ◽  
◽  
Svitlana NAUMENKOVA ◽  
Svitlana MISHCHENKO ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Bank Supervision ◽  
Bank Of China ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Financial Monitoring ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of the article is to reveal the essence and features of the introduction of digital currency of central banks and their impact on the conditions of monetary policy, financial stability, as well as institutional transformations in the development of national banking systems. The study is based on an analysis of projects of issuance and use of digital currencies of the ECB and central banks of leading countries, as well as the results of pilot projects of the National Bank of China on the use of the digital yuan and NBU on the e-hryvnia circulation. It is proved that digital currency of the central bank should be considered as a new dematerialized form of national currency in addition to cash and non-cash forms. Particular attention is paid to the study of the impact of the use of digital currency by central banks on the main parameters of economic policy. The main directions of potential influence of digital currency use on transformation of mechanisms of realization of monetary, budgetary and tax, macroprudential policy, maintenance of financial stability, activization of action of channels of the monetary transmission mechanism, and also on reforming of system of the state financial monitoring and bank supervision are substantiated. It is determined that one of the consequences of the use of digital currency will be the ability to ensure full control over all monetary transactions, which will help reduce the shadow economy and corruption. Structural and logical schemes of centralized and decentralized models of issuance and circulation of digital currency of central bank have been developed, directions of changes in the structure and functions of commercial and central banks, as well as in the structure of the financial and credit system in general have been substantiated.

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