scholarly journals Shipping in Dubrovnik between the fifteenth and seventienth centuries

10.18048/5307 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-141
Author(s):  
Đivo Bašić
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regulations ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Insurance Law ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Adriatic Coast ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
City State ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

The maritime and land trade of the City of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and its surroundings has always been “the corner stone” on which the grandeur of Dubrovnik, its political and economical power and culture were built. As early as 1441, the Dubrovnik trade was considered to consist of 3/4 of the maritime and only 1/4 of the land based trade. In 1181, the comunitas ragusina - the Commune of Ragusa was mentioned for the first time; as the time went by, it became the City-state. It was named The Ragusan Republic in 1430. The treaty concluded with Turkey in 1442 was in force up to the twilight of the Dubrovnik Republic (1806). It was convenient for Ragusans to have a sole ruler and a single state in their neighbourhood, not to mention how stubborn and quite often wanton ones. In his work “Mari, Gol , Isole,...” (1688.), Vincenzo Coronelli, the mapmaker, said about the Ragusans: “...They are the most ardent defenders of their freedom, putting in a great deal of effort to secure it, and at the same time, hating any kind of slavery...”. The Ragusan vessels were attacked by the pirates from Rhodes from 1507-1509 and later on. The main reason for flourishing of Ragusan shipping and trade was based upon focussing on their public life within these domains. The Ragusan Republic depended upon its investments into maritime affairs and assistance offered through stimulations, interaction of processes and consequential strengthening of its own prosperity (its enriched citizens). The Ragusan Maritime Insurance Law (Ordo super assecuratoribus) of March 5th, 1568 is the oldest enacted law in the world, and in this way it was more than a century older than legal regulations on the maritime insurance - Ordonnance de la marine of 1681. Apart from the main shipyard in the old City port (in portu interiori Ragusii, in portu Ragusii), up to the construction of the new shipyard in Gruž (1526) there were shipyards in Ston and in the nearby islands of Lopud, Šipan (in Suđurađ) and Koločep (Kalamota) already in the 14th century. Palladius Fuscus (1450-1520), in his work De situ orae Illyrici (published posthumously in 1540) cited that “there was no such a secluded part of Europe or one so inaccessible to the newcomers, where you would not encounter Ragusans practicing their merchant activity”. According to some researchers, Ragusa was the third strongest force in the Mediterranean (after Genoa and Venice) in the 14th century. The Ragusan Republic was the first in the Mediterranean in the 16th century and, in terms of their trading ocean-going sailing vessels under Ragusan and foreign flags, it was the third in the world (after Spain and the Netherlands). In his work Nautica Mediterranea (Rome, 1602, pp. 4-5), Bartolomeo Crescentio said: “...among experts and master craftsmen for galleons are the most numerous, and the most capable in this (the Mediterranean Sea, observation of the author) are Ragusans”, and Pantero Pantera in his work L’Armata Navale (Rome, 1614, p. 66) wrote down: “...while for navas and galleons building, masters of Dubrovnik, Portugal and England were highly esteemed”.”Argosy”, in fact, means “a Ragusan ship”. Many endeavours and achievements in the art of shipbuilding raise the East Adriatic coast above the West one, since it had most frequently been a successful way in which ships and men reached di erent parts of the world.

Comedy and the Athenian Ideal

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Konstan
Keyword(s):  
American Democracy ◽  
Intended Audience ◽  
The World ◽  
Hollywood Movies ◽  
Hellenistic World ◽  
City State ◽  
The City ◽  
New Comedy ◽  
A Performance

New Comedy was a Panhellenic phenomenon. It may be that a performance in Athens was still the acme of a comic playwright’s career, but Athens was no longer the exclusive venue of the genre. Yet Athens, or an idealized version of Athens, remained the setting or backdrop for New Comedy, whatever its provenance or intended audience. New Comedy was thus an important vehicle for the dissemination of the Athenian polis model throughout the Hellenistic world, and it was a factor in what has been termed ‘the great convergence’. The role of New Comedy in projecting an idealized image of the city-state may be compared to that of Hollywood movies in conveying a similarly romanticized, but not altogether false, conception of American democracy to populations around the world.

scholarly journals Internet Control and Auto-regulation in Singapore

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence Lee
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Contested Space ◽  
Media Technologies ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Internet Control ◽  
The World ◽  
City State ◽  
The City ◽  
Economic Development Strategies

This paper sets out to consider the use of new media technologies in the city-state of Singapore, widely acknowledged as one of the most technologically-advanced and networked societies in the world. Singapore is well-known as a politically censorious and highly-regulated society, which has been subjected to frequent and fierce insults and criticisms by those hailing from liberal democratic traditions. Indeed, much has been said about how the Singapore polity resonates with a climate of fear, which gives rise to the prevalent practice of self-censorship. This paper examines how certain groups in Singapore attempt to employ the Internet to find their voice and seek their desired social, cultural and political ends, and how the regulatory devices adopted by the highly pervasive People Action's Party (PAP) government respond to and set limits to these online ventures whilst concomitantly pursuing national technological cum economic development strategies. It concludes that the Internet in Singapore is a highly contested space where the art of governmentality, in the forms of information controls and 'automatic' modes of regulation, is tried, tested, and subsequently perfected.

Prologue

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Michael A. Gomez
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Political Power ◽  
The State ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
City State ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This prologue provides an overview of the history of early and medieval West Africa. During this period, the rise of Islam, the relationship of women to political power, the growth and influence of the domestically enslaved, and the invention and evolution of empire were all unfolding. In contrast to notions of an early Africa timeless and unchanging in its social and cultural categories and conventions, here was a western Savannah and Sahel that from the third/ninth through the tenth/sixteenth centuries witnessed political innovation as well as the evolution of such mutually constitutive categories as race, slavery, ethnicity, caste, and gendered notions of power. By the period's end, these categories assume significations not unlike their more contemporary connotations. All of these transformations were engaged with the apparatus of the state and its progression from the city-state to the empire. The transition consistently featured minimalist notions of governance replicated by successive dynasties, providing a continuity of structure as a mechanism of legitimization. Replication had its limits, however, and would ultimately prove inadequate in addressing unforeseen challenges.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Catherine Keyser
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Great Gatsby ◽  
The Great Gatsby ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

In The Great Gatsby (1925), Nick Carraway gazes upon the New York City skyline: Over the great bridge, with the sunlight through the girders making a constant flicker upon the moving cars, with the city rising up across the river in white heaps and sugar lumps all built with a wish out of non-olfactory money. The city seen from the Queensboro Bridge is always the city seen for the first time, in its first wild promise of all the mystery and beauty of the world....

Athens

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde E. Fant ◽  
Mitchell G. Reddish
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Universal Language ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
Merchant Class ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
City State ◽  
Peasant Farmers ◽  
The Hill ◽  
The City

In the Mediterranean world, only Rome rivals Athens as a city famed for its antiquities. Ancient travelers came to marvel at its grand temples and civic buildings, just as tourists do today. Wealthy Romans sent their children to Athens to be educated by its philosophers and gain sophistication in the presence of its culture. Democracy, however faltering its first steps, began in this city, and education and the arts flourished in its environment. Even at the height of the Roman Empire, the Western world’s government may have been Roman but its dominant cultural influence was Greek. Latin never spread abroad as a universal language, but Greek did, in its Koine (common) form. By the 4th century B.C.E. this Attic dialect of Plato and the Athenian orators was already in use in countries around the Mediterranean. The monuments of Athens and the treasures of its National Museum still amaze and delight millions of visitors from every nation who come to see this historic cradle of Western culture. A settlement of some significance already existed at Athens in Mycenaean times (1600–1200 B.C.E.). Toward the end of the Dark Ages (1200–750 B.C.E.) the unification of Attica, a territory surrounding Athens of some 1,000 square miles, was accomplished under the Athenians. The resulting city-state was governed by aristocrats constituted as the Council of the Areopagus, named for the hill below the Athenian Acropolis where they commonly met. But only the nobility—defined as the wealthy male landowners—had any vote in the decisions that influenced affairs in the city, a situation increasingly opposed by the rising merchant class and the peasant farmers. The nobles seemed paralyzed by the mounting social tensions, and a class revolution appeared imminent. In 594 B.C.E. the nobles in desperation turned to Solon, also an aristocrat, whom they named as archon (ruler) of the city with virtual dictatorial powers. Solon, however, refused to rule as dictator of the city, instituting instead a series of sweeping reforms that mollified the lower classes without destroying the aristocracy.

scholarly journals Length-weight relationships and condition factor of the eaglebeak pacu Ossubtus xinguense Jégu, 1992 (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae), an endangered species from Rio Xingu rapids, northern Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (3 suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 102-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC. Andrade ◽  
AJS. Jesus ◽  
T. Giarrizzo
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Northern Brazil ◽  
Rheophilic Fish ◽  
The City ◽  
Belo Monte

Abstract This study reports on the length-weight relationships and condition factor for the endangered rheophilic fish Ossubtus xinguense Jégu from Rio Xingu rapids. This species is threatened by construction of the third largest hydroelectric in the world, the Belo Monte dam close to the city of Altamira, northern Brazil. Specimens were collected in the dry season between July 2012 and September 2012. Male specimens have body length larger than females, atypical in serrasalmid fishes, and different length-weight relationships were found between adult and juvenile specimens. This study presents the first biological characteristics for O. xinguense.

scholarly journals АЛЬ-ФАРАБИ И МУЗЫКА (AL-FARABI AND MUSIC)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aigul Kosanova
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
Scientific Heritage ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
City State ◽  
The City

Іn this article, the author examines the scientific heritage of the great thinker and philosopher of the East, Abu Nasir al Farabi. The contribution of the word is analysed. Abu Nasr Muhammad Ibn Tarkhan Ibn Uzlag al-Farabi (870-950) was born in the city of Farab (Otrar) on the territory of the modern South Kazakhstan region. In the early middle ages, Otrar was called Farab. The city of Otrar was the second major cultural, commercial, political and scientific center, the center of the ancient culture of Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The most famous of his scientific works is" treatise on the views of good citizens "("views of good citizens"). "The scientist divides the city leaders into "benevolent and ignorant". At that time, there was a city-state. When will its inhabitants be happy? According to the scientist, this depends on the mayors of the cities. If the mayor is educated, fair, and clean-minded, all citizens will be happy. And if the mayor of the city is ignorant and lies, then the people of the city will be unhappy. Al-Farabi says that in order to achieve true happiness, a person must constantly seek. Human behavior should also be good," Zhakypbek Altayevich says in the documentary "Al - Farabi-philosopher of civilization". In addition, Al-Farabi's work "the great treatise on music" has been translated into many languages of the world.

Religion and Violence from Christian Theological Perspectives

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Kimball
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Just War ◽  
Just War Theory ◽  
First Century ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
The Third ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
City State ◽  
The City ◽  
The Catholic Church

This chapter reviews the movement from pacifism to Just War and Crusade. It also tries to demonstrate the ways prominent Catholic and Protestant leaders have harshly used violent measures within their communities, and determines contemporary manifestations of these three approaches among twenty-first-century Christians. The Crusades constitute the third type of response to war and peace among Christians, joining the ongoing Just War and pacifist traditions. The Inquisition within the Catholic Church and the city-state of Geneva under John Calvin's leadership within the emerging Protestant movement are elaborated. These examples show how pervasive the use of violence in the name of religion had become. The Just Peacemaking Paradigm is the alternative to pacifism and Just War theory, an effort that tries to change the focus to initiatives which can help prevent war and foster peace.

The Mediterranean culture of fishing: Continuity and change in the world of Jewish fishermen, 1500–1929

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-304
Author(s):  
Shai Srougo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Core ◽  
Mediterranean Culture ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
Sea Tenure ◽  
Maritime Community

This essay discusses the maritime Jews and their changing role in the fishing occupation in the Mediterranean sea. The first part presents the trends in historiography regarding the Thessalonikian Jewish fishermen in Ottoman and Post Ottoman periods. The second section explores the maritime world of Jewish fishermen in Ottoman Thessaloniki between the sixteenth and the twentieth centuries. We will establish the cultural identity of the Jewish fishermen, which expressed itself in Thermaikos Bay. The third part depicts the reasons for the collapse of the Jewish sea tenure in Greek Thessaloniki, especially between the years 1922-1924, and continues to describe one of the responses; the settlement of several fishing families in Acre (in Mandatory Palestine). Their experience in the new environment was short (1925-1929) and we will investigate the linkage between their cultural marginality in the core society to the failure of forming a Jewish maritime community in Acre.

Babylonian Priesthood during the Third Millennium BCE: Between Sacred and Profane

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 112-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Steinkeller
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Small Segment ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sacred And Profane ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
Third Millennium Bce ◽  
City State ◽  
The City ◽  
Managerial Class

Abstract This article offers an overview of the early Babylonian priesthood, as it was organized and operated during the third millennium BCE. It is emphasized that the priests and priestesses proper, i.e., individuals who were specifically concerned with cultic matters, represented a relatively small segment of the employees of temple households. Much more numerous within these institutions (which might more appropriately be termed “temple communities”) were the individuals whose roles were of either administrative or economic character. Focusing on the administrators of temple households, and identifying them as “Managerial Class,” the article argues that, during Pre-Sargonic times, this social group wielded great economic and political power, which at times even exceeded that of the emerging secular leaders (such as ensiks and lugals). To demonstrate this point, an interaction between these two competing centers of powers (particularly in the city-state of Lagaš) is studied in detail. In memory of Itamar Singer

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