Prologue

This prologue provides an overview of the history of early and medieval West Africa. During this period, the rise of Islam, the relationship of women to political power, the growth and influence of the domestically enslaved, and the invention and evolution of empire were all unfolding. In contrast to notions of an early Africa timeless and unchanging in its social and cultural categories and conventions, here was a western Savannah and Sahel that from the third/ninth through the tenth/sixteenth centuries witnessed political innovation as well as the evolution of such mutually constitutive categories as race, slavery, ethnicity, caste, and gendered notions of power. By the period's end, these categories assume significations not unlike their more contemporary connotations. All of these transformations were engaged with the apparatus of the state and its progression from the city-state to the empire. The transition consistently featured minimalist notions of governance replicated by successive dynasties, providing a continuity of structure as a mechanism of legitimization. Replication had its limits, however, and would ultimately prove inadequate in addressing unforeseen challenges.

Konsep Negara Hukum dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam

Soumatera Law Review ◽

10.22216/soumlaw.v2i2.4136 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 235

Author(s):

Sayid Anshar

Keyword(s):

Islamic Law ◽

The State ◽

Descriptive Research ◽

Muslim Intellectuals ◽

The Moment ◽

City State ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

The concept of state in Islam only regulates principles or principles, among others, about leaders who must be honest, trustworthy, fair, transparent, and protect human rights (fitrah). Islam teaches and gives guidance in the life of the state. This means that the State must be built as a home to uphold justice in accordance with the rights that are basically owned by every citizen. The success of the Prophet Muhammad. Building a Muslim community in Medina by some Muslim intellectuals is called the City State. The problem in this research is how the concept of the rule of law in the perspective of Islamic law. The method used in this research is descriptive research, descriptive research is intended to provide data as thorough as possible about an effort, symptoms, events and events that occur at the moment, and is deductive based on general theories applied to explain about a set of data, the relationship of a set of data with another set of data. In this study the method used is a normative juridical approach. The activities carried out are the inventory of legal materials, identification of legal materials, classification of legal materials, systematization of legal materials, and interpretation and construction of legal materials. Based on the results of the study shows the concept of the State of Islamic Law Perspective with various scopes between the idea of state, Religion, State and law according to Al-Quran and Hadith as well as the contribution of Islamic Law to the development of National Law.

Chieftaincy and the State in Abacha's Nigeria: Kingship, Political Rivalry and Competing Histories in Abeokuta During the 1990s

Africa ◽

10.3366/afr.2002.72.3.368 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 72 (3) ◽

pp. 368-390 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Insa Nolte

Keyword(s):

Political Discourse ◽

Political Power ◽

The State ◽

Political Rivalry ◽

History Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

The City ◽

The Town ◽

Mythical Origin

AbstractThis article investigates the relationship between chieftaincy and the state in modern Nigeria. It focuses on politics and the mythical history of kings in the city of Abeokuta and argues that, particularly during the 1990s, the royal politics of the town drew heavily on different versions of mythical history. The reasons are twofold. They concern, first, the traditional political discourse of Yoruba kingship, in which a king's legitimacy can be discussed in terms of the attributes of the royalpersonahe embodies. In this context, legitimacy and status are often discussed as the first king's mythical origin. However, the continued political relevance and even volatility of this discourse in the 1990s related to the nature of the Nigerian state, in which traditional status is closely associated with political power.

Reading a History of Writing: heritage, religion and script change in Java

Itinerario ◽

10.1017/s0165115315000868 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 419-435 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ronit Ricci

Keyword(s):

Political Power ◽

History Of Writing ◽

Literary Cultures ◽

History Of ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Scripts are sites of religious, cultural and political power. Although scripts are often viewed solely as technical devices in the service of meaning, the particular histories of scripts’ coming into being, their uses and sometimes disappearance can tell us much about shifting religious agendas, memory, and attachments to community, place, and particular literary cultures. In my essay I explore the history of writing in Java, including the story of the letters’ creation, to think about cultural and religious transformations, the relationship of foreign to local, and the powerful hold certain texts have on the imagination.

The Existence of an Anomaly in the City Indices in Borsa Istanbul

International Journal of Corporate Finance and Accounting ◽

10.4018/ijcfa.2021070102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 12-27

Author(s):

Hakan Altin

Keyword(s):

Abnormal Return ◽

Market Returns ◽

The Third ◽

Market Beta ◽

Beta Coefficient ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

The aim of the study is to reveal the existence of an abnormal return in the city indices in Borsa Istanbul. Three important calculations were made for the detection of an abnormal return. The first was the calculation of adjusted returns. The second was the calculation of beta coefficients for city indices. The third was the determination of the relationship of each city index to the market. According to the findings obtained, there was an abnormal return in the city indices. In other words, each of the city indices made a profit on market returns. However, these returns were almost equal to market returns. When the beta coefficients were analyzed, it was seen that the coefficients were equal to the theoretically-expressed average market beta coefficient. Thus, the city indices and the market are moving in the same direction, and the results are statistically significant.

Concluding Remarks to Part 3

Labor in Israel ◽

10.7591/cornell/9781501717123.003.0016 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Jonathan Preminger

Keyword(s):

Government Policy ◽

The State ◽

Political Community ◽

Individual Responsibility ◽

The Political ◽

The Public ◽

The Third ◽

Third Sphere ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Chapter 15 summarizes the chapters which addressed the third sphere, the relationship of labor to the political community. It reiterates that since Israel was established, the labor market’s borders have become ever more porous, while the borders of the national (Jewish) political community have remained firm: the Jewish nationalism which guides government policy is as strong as ever. NGOs, drawing on a discourse of human rights, are able to assist some non-citizens but this discourse also resonates with the idea of individual responsibility: the State is no longer willing to support “non-productive” populations, who are now being shoehorned into a labor market which offers few opportunities for meaningful employment, and is saturated by cheaper labor intentionally imported by the State in response to powerful employer lobbies. These trends suggest a partial reorientation of organized labor’s “battlefront”, from a face-off with capital to an appeal to the public and state.

The Comintern

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.013.045 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Alexander Vatlin ◽

Stephen A. Smith

Keyword(s):

Communist Party ◽

Popular Front ◽

Linguistic Communication ◽

Policy Conflict ◽

Labour Movement ◽

The Third ◽

Soviet Foreign Policy ◽

History Of ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The essay falls into two sections. The first examines the history of the Third International (Comintern) from its creation in 1919 to its dissolution in 1943, looking at the imposition of the Twenty-One Conditions on parties wishing to join the new International in 1920, the move from a perspective of splitting the labour movement to one of a united front in the early 1920s, the shift to the sectarian ‘third period’ strategy in 1928, and the gradual emergence of the popular front strategy in the mid-1930s. It examines the institutions of the Comintern and the Stalinization of national communist parties. The second section looks at some issues in the historiography of the Comintern, including the extent to which it was a tool of Soviet foreign policy, conflict over policy within the Executive Committee of the Comintern (ECCI), and the relationship of ECCI to ‘national sections’, with a particular focus on the Vietnamese Communist Party. Finally, it discusses problems of cultural and linguistic communication within the Comintern.

Gratia praesupponit naturam

Diacovensia ◽

10.31823/d.26.1.4 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 81.-93.

Author(s):

Boris Vulić

Keyword(s):

The Third ◽

Nature And Grace ◽

History Of ◽

Entire History ◽

History Of Theology ◽

Relationship Of ◽

In the article, the contemporary lack of representation of the axiom “grace presumes nature” is recognized as a providential opportunity for its renewal in theology and spirituality. After indicating some of the causes for neglecting this scholastic axiom, the second chapter interprets its theological interiority through an attempt to answer the inexhaustible question of the relationship of grace and nature. The third chapter brings further clarification through the axioms “grace does not destroy nature” and “grace perfects nature”. In analogy with Christ’s incarnation, it becomes apparent that nature, or creation, should always be understood in the perspective of grace, which is the first fact of the history of salvation. The restoration and deepening of these axioms contributes to linking the entire history of salvation, but also the history of theology and spirituality, and to a deeper understanding of what is truly natural and what is divine, graceful, and what as a gift and opportunity defines a man to the very foundation of his created nature.

RELATIONSHIP OF LAW AND ECONOMY IN THE TRANSITION PERIOD

Messenger AmSU ◽

10.22250/jasu.93.37 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 182-187

Author(s):

SERGEY BORISOVICH BOKACH ◽

◽

TAT’YANA PAVLOVNA BUTENKO ◽

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Social Development ◽

Transition Period ◽

Civil Law ◽

The State ◽

Literary Sources ◽

History Of ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Development Objective

The article examines the relationship between civil legislation and the laws of economic development, objective laws of social development and their subjective regulation, an analysis of literary sources, the history of the development of the state and ideas about the economics of law of modern authors, made it possible to conclude that the development of civil law is influenced not only by the objectivity of laws but also subjective factors, including tradition.

The Portuguese Maritime Voyages of Discovery: the exploration of the history of a city with an App as an educational resource

Digital Education Review ◽

10.1344/der.2019.36.85-99 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 85-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Cláudia Faria ◽

Elsa Guilherme ◽

Joaquim Pintassilgo ◽

Maria João Mogarro ◽

Ana Sofia Pinho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Teaching And Learning ◽

Participant Observation ◽

Collaborative Work ◽

Mobile Technologies ◽

School Students ◽

History Of ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

In this paper we present an evaluation of an App for mobile devices, ‘Roteiro dos Descobrimentos’, as an educational digital resource for primary school students. The study involved the participation of 131 students and eight teachers. Data were collected from participant observation, students’ questionnaires and interviews to students and teachers. According to students, they learned new things, related with the topics explored, in an easy and funny way. Students also emphasized as positive aspects the fact that they had to face different challenges and the need to mobilize their knowledge to solve them. Teachers referred that students showed great interest and enthusiasm during the activities. As main gains, teachers stressed that the application fosters the relationship of students with the city, facilitates collaboration, and promotes students’ autonomy. In resume, it seems that the playful and interactive dimension of the App promoted the development of important skills such as the ability to interact with the environment, collaborative work, autonomy, and reading and interpretation skills. As a conclusion, there is a great receptivity to integrate mobile technologies in the teaching and learning process, but the role of the teacher can’t be dismissed, as a mediator and educator.

FRAGMENTS OF THE THIRD MILLENNIUM BC FROM NIGIN

Iraq ◽

10.1017/irq.2021.10 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Davide Nadali ◽

Lorenzo Verderame

Keyword(s):

Small Group ◽

The State ◽

The Third ◽

Early Dynastic ◽

Ancient City ◽

Third Millennium ◽

Third Millennium Bc ◽

History Of ◽

First Dynasty ◽

The ancient city of Nigin in the State of Lagash is largely attested in the epigraphic sources of the rulers of the First Dynasty of Lagash. Conversely, the archaeological evidence of the Early Dynastic Period is so far very scanty and limited. This paper presents a small group of documents to be dated to the Early Dynastic Period IIIb that were found out of context, but that nevertheless point to a phase of occupation of Nigin in the third millennium BC and are coherent with the information we already know about history of the city and the State of Lagash.