scholarly journals Observations of Plants with Tubular Stems with Possible Biomimetic Implications

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Masaya Goto ◽  
Aohan Wang ◽  
Hiromasa Goto
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Functional Structure ◽  
Water Lily ◽  
Polygonal Structure ◽  
Fine Structures ◽  
Inside Layer

Two plants having tubular stems were examined. Water lily belongs to nymphaeaceae, while butterbur belongs to asteraceae. These plants are not relatives; however both have large leaves with lacinia. Furthermore, these plants have tubular long stems. Observations of leaf surface are described. Water lily leaf has an inside layer consisting of a network polygonal structure. The leaf has three layers at the microscopic level including small transparent skin tissue, and a middle layer showing a polygonal green structure where photosynthesis can be performed. The bottom layer shows fine tubular tissues. Stomas are observed on the surface of the leaf, with transparent tissue on the top layer and the stem of the butterbur with honeycomb (polygonal) structures in the leaves and stems. Plants are of interest for technology because their remarkable functional structure may provide clues for applications in materials science. In this study, the fine structures of the two plants were observed to learn their functional structure.

scholarly journals High-Gain Vivaldi Antenna with Wide Bandwidth Characteristics for 5G Mobile and Ku-Band Radar Applications

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 667
Author(s):  
Raza Ullah ◽  
Sadiq Ullah ◽  
Farooq Faisal ◽  
Rizwan Ullah ◽  
Dong-you Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Radar Applications ◽  
Vivaldi Antenna ◽  
5G Mobile Communication ◽  
Element Array ◽  
Ku Band

In this paper, antipodal Vivaldi antenna is designed for 5th generation (5G) mobile communication and Ku-band applications. The proposed designed has three layers. The upper layer consists of eight-element array of split-shaped leaf structures, which is fed by a 1-to-8 power divider network. Middle layer is a substrate made of Rogers 5880. The bottom layer consists of truncated ground and shorter mirror-image split leaf structures. The overall size of the designed antenna is confined significantly to 33.31 × 54.96 × 0.787 (volume in mm3), which is equivalent to 2λo× 3.3λo× 0.05λo (λo is free-space wavelength at 18 GHz). Proposed eight elements antenna is multi-band in nature covering Ku-bands (14.44–20.98 GHz), two millimeter wave (mmW) bands i.e., 24.34–29 GHz and 33–40 GHz, which are candidate frequency bands for 5G communications. The Ku-Band is suitable for radar applications. Proposed eight elements antenna is very efficient and has stable gain for 5G mobile communication and Ku-band applications. The simulation results are experimentally validated by testing the fabricated prototypes of the proposed design.

Development of Intelligent Hierarchical Control for a Hydraulic Manipulator

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roya Rahbari ◽  
Clarence W. deSilva
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Control ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Mechanical Processing ◽  
Pd Controller ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Hydraulic Actuator ◽  
Intelligent Controller ◽  
Hydraulic Manipulator ◽  
Input Response

Abstract This paper presents the development of a hierarchical intelligent controller for a hydraulic manipulator, which has been designed to be an integral part of an automated machine for mechanical processing of salmon. The developed controller for this hydraulic actuator is a three-layer hierarchical system. In the bottom layer of the hierarchy, a conventional proportional plus derivative (PD) controller is used to control the position of the cutting blade. The middle layer monitors the performance of the manipulator, preprocesses the response signals, and extracts the performance parameters, based on a step-input response. The top layer infers the tuning actions for the PD servo. The knowledge base for tuning the low level controller has been developed and represented by fuzzy rulesbase modules. The development of this hierarchical control system is discussed and some experimental results are given.

scholarly journals Study on Sewage Sludge Drying System With Built-in Solar Drying Bed

2021 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
pp. 01041
Author(s):  
Zhipan Gu ◽  
Jichun Yang ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Leren Tao ◽  
Ye Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Radiation Heat Transfer ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Mass Transfer Process ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Solar Drying ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Air Supply

In this paper, the renewable energy solar energy is used as the heat source. The combination of solar drying bed and traditional hot air drying can effectively reduce energy consumption and operation cost. The drying chamber is divided into three layers. The top air supply outlet supplies hot air, the middle layer places wet sludge, and the bottom layer uses hot water coil to dry the sludge. The whole drying process is a heat and mass transfer process with convective heat transfer and radiation heat transfer. After analysis and comparison with traditional energy drying, it is found that drying 97.5kg of sewage sludge will save 79% energy, save 12.84 kg of standard coal, reduce 32 kg of carbon dioxide and 1.284 kg of sulphur dioxide.

Application of an artificial intelligence algorithm model of memory retrieval and roaming in sorting Chinese medicinal materials

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Chengbing Tan ◽  
Qun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Memory Search ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Keyword Query ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Algorithm ◽  
Response Performance

In order to capture autobiographical memory, inspired by the development of human intelligence, a computational AM model for autobiographical memory is proposed in this paper, which is a three-layer network structure, in which the bottom layer encodes the event-specific knowledge comprising 5W1H, and provides retrieval clues to the middle layer, encodes the related events, and the top layer encodes the event set. According to the bottom-up memory search process, the corresponding events and event sets can be identified in the middle layer and the top layer respectively; At the same time, AM model can simulate human memory roaming through the process of rule-based memory retrieval. The computational AM model proposed in this paper not only has robust and flexible memory retrieval, but also has better response performance to noisy memory retrieval cues than the commonly used memory retrieval model based on keyword query method, and can also imitate the roaming phenomenon in memory.

Glucose sensor based on porous Ni by using a graphene bottom layer combined with a Ni middle layer

Carbon ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 609-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaodi Ren ◽  
Haochao Mao ◽  
Haowen Luo ◽  
Yuanan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Sensor ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer

Changes of Snow Characteristics During Snowmelt Period and Analysis of Influential Factors - Taking the Juntanghu Watershed in XinJiang as an Example

2012 ◽  
Vol 212-213 ◽  
pp. 395-398
Author(s):  
Hui Wang ◽  
Zhi Hui Liu ◽  
Qiu Dong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Daily Variation ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Snowmelt Period ◽  
Acute Change ◽  
Snow Water ◽  
Snow Temperature

Take observational data of March 2011 of study area to analyze changes of snow characteristics during snowmelt period (SP), such as snow grain size (SGS), snow water content (SWC) and snow density (SDS), and to analyze the influential factors. The results show that: SGS decreased during SP, and increased from snow surface layer (SL) to snow bottom layer (BL). That related to the snow depth (SD) and snow temperature (ST). SWC has a sudden increase in late SP. It decreased from snow BL to SL during early and late SP. It has a big daily variation in SL and snow middle layer (ML). It changes hours later than the atmospheric temperature (AT). That related to SD, ST and daily AT. SDS value in SL is the biggest during early SP. It has acute change in SL and a big daily variation in BL .That related to snow age (SA).

scholarly journals Laboratory Validation of Surface-Initiated Transverse Cracking of Asphalt Pavement

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1002
Author(s):  
Weiguang Zhang ◽  
Ali Raza Khan ◽  
Shihui Shen ◽  
Yingda Gao
Keyword(s):  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Base Layer ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Reflective Cracking ◽  
Wheel Load ◽  
Transverse Cracking ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Crack Type

Field pavement transverse cracking typically can be grouped into two categories, namely thermal cracking that initiates at the surface of the pavement and propagates downward, and reflective cracking that initiates at the pavement layer above the existing pavement cracks or joints and propagates upward. Recently, another transverse cracking phenomenon was noticed in some field investigations but was less studied. Cracks were observed from both the surface and the bottom of field cores, but they cannot be visually observed from the middle layer. In addition, the surface and the bottom cracks lined up well, showing the tendency of meeting each other. This study aimed to evaluate the causes of such transverse cracking phenomena by laboratory tests. Hamburg equipment was used as the evaluation equipment. Some samples were prepared with a saw cut notch 0.33 inches in depth and 0.25 inches in width, and some samples were prepared without the notch at the bottom. The results showed that such a crack type could have happened when samples are aged, the base below the sample is soft, and a notch exists in the bottom layer. A potential mechanism is when the wheel load moves on one side of the existing transverse cracking (the near side), as the specimen on this side tends to bend downward under the wheel load, especially when the support is relatively soft. If without constraint, the other side of the specimen (the far side) should consequently be tilted upward. However, the bonding with the base layer and the self-weight of the specimen restrict the upward movement of the far-side specimen. Therefore, the tensile stress at the surface of the specimen directly on top of the bottom crack is created. At the same time, the bottom crack has the potential of being squeezed and pushed together.

Unexpected sequence adsorption features of polynucleotide ssDNA on graphene oxide

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (20) ◽  
pp. 11740-11746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huishu Ma ◽  
Zhen Xu ◽  
Haiping Fang ◽  
Xiaoling Lei
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Functional Structure ◽  
Single Stranded Dna ◽  
Sequence Features

The sequence features of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) adsorbed on a graphene oxide (GO) surface are important for applications of the DNA/GO functional structure in biosensors, biomedicine, and materials science.

Hot Corrosion of Co-based Alloys with 25%NaCl+75%Na2SO4 Coating at 1173 K

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangyan Fu ◽  
Xingxing Guo ◽  
Qun Liu ◽  
Xin Zhao ◽  
Yong Su
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Hot Corrosion ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Corrosion Products ◽  
Chromium Sulfide ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Innermost Layer ◽  
Inside Layer ◽  
Better Than

AbstractHot corrosion behavior of pure Co, Co-10Cr and Co-10Cr-5Al alloys in the presence of a salt coat of Na2SO4+NaCl in air at 1173 K was studied. The results indicated that among the three samples, the mass gain of Co-10Cr-5Al alloy is the smallest, while that of Co-10Cr is biggest. The corrosion products of Co-10Cr-5Al can be divided into three layers, of which the outside layer is CoO, the middle layer consists of Cr2O3 and Al2O3, and the inside layer is a small amount of Chromium sulfide and aluminum sulfide. The corrosion products of Co-10Cr can also be divided into three layers, from the outermost to the innermost layer are CoO, Cr2O3, and small amount of Cr2S3. The corrosion resistance of Co-10Cr-5Al alloy is better than that of Co-10Cr alloy.

Influence of Salinity on Distribution of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria in Laohe Estuarine Wetland, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 1332-1336
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Jie Bai ◽  
Yang Guo Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Influence Factor ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Estuarine Wetland ◽  
Key Factor

Soil salinization in Laohe estuarine wetland is becoming more serious, thus the characteristics of AOB in different salt salinity have drawn more attention. Our study investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in different salinity soils in Laohe estuarine wetland. Results show that the largest amount of AOB appeared when salinity was 10g/kg, and decrease when salinity was higher (15g/kg, 20g/kg) or lower (2g/kg, 5g/kg). The distribution of AOB shows that the AOB amount is larger in surface layer (0-20cm) than middle layer (20-40cm) or the bottom layer (40-60cm); the AOB is more abundant in summer than autumn. Results indicate that salinity is a key factor on the AOB abundance, but not an influencer on the vertical and temporal distribution of AOB in estuarine wetland. Temperature and organic content are the related factors of the vertical distribution of AOB abundance, and the growth of reed is also an important influence factor on the variation of AOB during different seasons.

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