scholarly journals Multilevel analysis of infant mortality and its risk factors in South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Samuel Abera Zewdie ◽  
Vissého Adjiwanou
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Women's Education ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Province Level

The study analyzed infant mortality and its risk factors in South Africa. It aimed to examine infant mortality in the country by taking into account the hierarchical nature of the problem and investigate the with-in country variation in modeling. In addition to the usual individual level risk factors of infant mortality, living standard, mother’s education, and income inequality were defined at municipal level, while HIV prevalence was fixed at province level. A multilevel logistic regression model was then fitted with Bayesian MCMC parameter estimation procedure using the 2011 South African census data. Most of the demographic and socioeconomic variables identified at individual level were found significant. More remarkably, the result indicated that communities with better living standard and women's education were associated with lower infant mortality rates, while higher income inequality and HIV prevalence in the communities were associated higher levels of infant mortality. The changes in infants’ odds of death were estimated to be 26%, -21%, 13% and 8% respectively for HIV, women’s education, income inequality and level of the living standard. In addition, unobservable municipal and province level random effects significantly affected the level of infant mortality rates. 

scholarly journals Young and vulnerable: Spatial-temporal trends and risk factors for infant mortality in rural South Africa (Agincourt), 1992-2007

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benn KD Sartorius ◽  
Kathleen Kahn ◽  
Penelope Vounatsou ◽  
Mark A Collinson ◽  
Stephen M Tollman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Rural South ◽  
Rural South Africa

scholarly journals Risk factors for pertussis among hospitalized children in a high HIV prevalence setting, South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.M. du Plessis ◽  
G. Ntshoe ◽  
G. Reubenson ◽  
R. Kularatne ◽  
L. Blumberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Hospitalized Children

scholarly journals State Downsizing as a Determinant of Infant Mortality and Achievement of Millennium Development Goal 4

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Antonio Palma-Solís ◽  
Carlos Álvarez-Dardet Díaz ◽  
Álvaro Franco-Giraldo ◽  
Ildefonso Hernández-Aguado ◽  
Santiago Pérez-Hoyos
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Millennium Development Goal ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Washington Consensus ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Development Goal

The aim of this study was to evaluate the worldwide effect of state downsizing policies on achievement of U.N. Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) on infant mortality rates. In an ecological retrospective cohort study of 161 countries, from 1978 to 2002, the authors analyzed changes in government consumption (GC) as determining exposure to achievement of MDG4. Descriptive methods and a multiple logistic regression were applied to adjust for changes in gross domestic product, level of democracy, and income inequality. Excess infant mortality in the exposed countries, attributable to reductions in GC, was estimated. Fifty countries were found to have reduced GC, and 111 had increased GC. The gap in infant mortality rate between these groups of countries doubled in the study period. Non-achievement of MDG4 was associated with reductions in GC and increases in income inequality. The excess infant mortality attributable to GC reductions in the exposed countries from 1990 to 2002 was 4,473,348 deaths. The probability of achieving MDG4 seems to be seriously compromised for many countries because of reduced public sector expenditure during the last 25 years of the 20th century, in response to World Bank/International Monetary Fund Washington Consensus policies. This seeming contradiction between the goals of different U.N. branches may be undermining achievement of MDG4 and should be taken into account when developing future global governance policy.

scholarly journals HIV Prevalence and Risk Factors Among Male Foreign Migrants in Cape Town, South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 949-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Giorgio ◽  
Loraine Townsend ◽  
Yanga Zembe ◽  
Mireille Cheyip ◽  
Sally Guttmacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Hiv Prevalence

Risk Factors for Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Among Children Less Than 5 Years of Age in a High HIV Prevalence Setting, South Africa, 2010 to 2012

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire von Mollendorf ◽  
Cheryl Cohen ◽  
Linda de Gouveia ◽  
Nireshni Naidoo ◽  
Susan Meiring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Hiv Prevalence

NEONATAL LISTERIOSIS: AN ALMOST FORGOTTEN INFECTION OR RENAISSANCE OF THE DISEASE

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
E.G. Gumeniuk ◽  
◽  
M.E. Ukvalberg ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Intrauterine Infection ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Late Manifestation

Maternal neonatal listeriosis is less common desease, but contributes significantly to neonatal and infant mortality rates. The survey presents data on the the pathogen, epidemiology of the disease, and risk factors. Attention is paid to the pathogenesis of the development of this intrauterine infection. The emphasis is placed on the development of neonatal (congenital) listeriosis, as well as the risk of serious complications for the child. The article describes the symptoms of the disease at early and late manifestation, variants of the clinical course, the results of autopsy of dead newborns. Attention is drawn to the problems of treatment and prevention of neonatal listeriosis. Doctors of related specialties (obstetricians-gynecologists, neonatologists, pediatricians) should have up-to-date information about this disease.

scholarly journals Adjusting HIV Prevalence for Survey Non-Response Using Mortality Rates: An Application of the Method Using Surveillance Data from Rural South Africa

PLoS ONE ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. e12370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makandwe Nyirenda ◽  
Basia Zaba ◽  
Till Bärnighausen ◽  
Victoria Hosegood ◽  
Marie-Louise Newell
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Rural South ◽  
Rural South Africa

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among adolescents in rural South Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Themba Mzembe ◽  
Richard Lessells ◽  
Aaron S Karat ◽  
Safiyya Randera-Rees ◽  
Anita Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background We aimed to estimate the prevalence of and explore risk factors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among adolescents in a high tuberculosis (TB) and HIV prevalence setting. Methods A cross-sectional study of adolescents (10–19 years) randomly selected from a demographic surveillance area (DSA) in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. We determined M. tuberculosis infection status using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold-plus assay. We used HIV data from the DSA to estimate community-level adult HIV prevalence and random effects logistic regression to identify risk factors for TB infection. Results We enrolled 1,094 adolescents (548 [50.1%] female); M. tuberculosis infection prevalence (weighted for non-response by age, sex, and urban/rural residence) was 23.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 20.6–25.6%). M. tuberculosis infection was associated with older age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.10–1.71, for increasing age-group [12–14, 15–17, 18–19 vs. 10–11 years]), ever (vs. never) having a household TB contact (aOR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.25–3.64) and increasing community-level HIV prevalence (aOR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.07–1.92, for increasing HIV prevalence category [25–34.9%, 35–44.9%, ≥45% vs. <25%]). Conclusion Our data support prioritising TB prevention and care activities in TB-affected households and high HIV prevalence communities.

scholarly journals State-level income inequality and mortality among infants born in the United States 2007–2010: A Cohort Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Pabayo ◽  
Daniel M. Cook ◽  
Guy Harling ◽  
Anastasia Gunawan ◽  
Natalie A. Rosenquist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Infant Deaths

Abstract Background United States state-level income inequality is positively associated with infant mortality in ecological studies. We exploit spatiotemporal variations in a large dataset containing individual-level data to conduct a cohort study and to investigate whether current income inequality and increases in income inequality are associated with infant and neonatal mortality risk over the period of the 2007–2010 Great Recession in the United States. Methods We used data on 16,145,716 infants and their mothers from the 2007–2010 United States Statistics Linked Infant Birth and Death Records. Multilevel logistic regression was used to determine whether 1) US state-level income inequality, as measured by Z-transformed Gini coefficients in the year of birth and 2) change in Gini coefficient between 1990 and year of birth (2007–2010), predicted infant or neonatal mortality. Our analyses adjusted for both individual and state-level covariates. Results From 2007 to 2010 there were 98,002 infant deaths: an infant mortality rate of 6.07 infant deaths per 1000 live births. When controlling for state and individual level characteristics, there was no significant relationship between Gini Z-score and infant mortality risk. However, the observed increase in the Gini Z-score was associated with a small but significant increase likelihood of infant mortality (AOR = 1.03 to 1.06 from 2007 to 2010). Similar findings were observed when the neonatal mortality was the outcome (AOR = 1.05 to 1.13 from 2007 to 2010). Conclusions Infants born in states with greater changes in income inequality between 1990 and 2007 to 2010 experienced a greater likelihood of infant and neonatal mortality.

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