Recent Advances in Temperate Fruit Crop Improvement

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Verma ◽  
Javid Iqbal Mir ◽  
Shiv Lal ◽  
Tanushree Sahoo

Globally India is the second largest producer of fruits; however the productivity is significantly low as compared to advanced countries. The majority of the temperate fruits and nuts are being cultivated in the north-western Himalayan and small areas are lies in north eastern parts. High altitude and temperate regions are capable to produce good quality fruits. But the foothill where the chilling is insufficient adversely affects the yield and quality. In India, majority of the temperate fruits were introduced from other parts of the world and some are indigenous to India like walnuts and wild apple species. Therefore, the improvement of the temperate fruits and nuts were taken place mainly through introduction of promising cultivars. The exotic cultivars are still the backbone of fruit production in India particularly for apple, pear, peach, plum and cherry. Promising varieties were introduced from USA, UK, Germany, Italy, France, Australia, New Zealand, Hungary and Bulgaria and were evaluated for commercial exploitation. However, in walnutand almonds, production is mainly from Indigenous cultivars/ local land races. These consisted of non-descriptive trees and highly variable in yield and quality traits. Recently, several varieties have been developed in India in apple, peach, plum, apricot, cherry and walnut. The potential of these varieties are immense for commercial exploitation. The paper attempt to document the accomplishment made in temperate fruit and nut improvement in perspective to Indian Scenario. The information is valuable for breeders and academician for further studies.

Author(s):  
Delia Bentley

In the classification of Romance along a northern–southern continuum the languages which exhibit patterns of active-middle alignment (notably, the HABERE ~ ESSE alternation in the perfect) are also known to have undergone the aoristic drift. This article starts from Smith’s (2016) observation that the north-western oïl varieties have maintained the preterite, while also alternating the two auxiliaries, whereas the north-eastern oïl varieties have lost the HABERE ~ ESSE alternation and undergone the aoristic drift. It is argued that the developments which have occurred in the north-western varieties are not theoretically challenging or unique within the Romània. With respect to the generalization of habere in the north-eastern areas and, less conspicuously, throughout Gallo-Romance, it is claimed that this development was engendered by the rise of a dependent-marking system which follows undifferentiated nominative alignment. It is concluded that the modern Romània exhibits a stronghold of active-middle alignment in a group of central languages, which are essentially head marking.


1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 655 ◽  
Author(s):  
KHL Key

Two nymphs of the rare Tasmanian grasshopper Schayera baiulus (Erichson), a male and a female, have been discovered in the north-eastern and north-western corners of Tasmania respectively, thus confirming its Tasmanian provenance and suggesting a former wide distribution across the north of the island. The nymphs are described and figured. The female was reared to maturity and the adult genitalia described. The very different environments at the two capture localities are documented. The problems involved in defining the habitat requirements and securing the survival of the species are discussed.


In the 13 years which have elapsed since Mr. Blanford published his paper on the Winds of Northern India, very great additions have been made to our knowledge of the meteorology of the country. The carefully organised system of observations, commenced in Bengal and the North-Western Provinces, has been extended to include the whole of India, and placed under the direction of Mr. Blanford himself, aided by local officers in all the larger provinces. Verified instruments have been supplied to all the stations, and the elevations of these above sea-level have been determined by connecting them with the lines of spirit-levelling, carried inland from the coast, in various directions, by the officers of the Great Trigonometrical Survey; or, where this was impracticable, by spirit-levelling to some of the trigonometrical stations of the Survey. In this way, trust worthy and intercomparable series of barometric observations, extending over ten years or more, have been obtained for all the more important stations. At the same time, the diurnal variations of the barometer at certain selected stations have been determined by long-continued series of hourly observations, with the object of enabling us to reduce the readings made in the ordinary way (usually at 10 a. m. and 4 p. m.) to time daily means. Simultaneously with the collection of this immense quantity of accurate and reliable barometric data, observations have been made of temperature, humidity, cloud, wind, and rain. Latterly also barometric and wind charts of the Bay of Bengal have been prepared from observations made on board ships navigating those waters. During these 13 years, the winds prevailing over the Indian continent and the Bay of Bengal, and their relations to the distribution of pressure at sea-level, have been discussed from time to time, both in their normal aspects for each month or season and in their abnormal or disturbed conditions during the passage of storms. The latter conditions in particular have been very fully described by Mr. Eliot in his numerous reports on cyclones in the Bay of Bengal, while the former have been noticed in the annual reports on the meteorology of India, in occasional papers appearing in the ‘Indian Meteorological Memoirs,' and latterly in a broad and general review in Mr. Blanford’s great monograph on the Rainfall of India.


1998 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 463-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Poulter

A programme, combining a physical survey, intensive pick-up and geophysics, was carried out over 17 ha around the site of a small late Roman fortification, some 6 km south of ancient Pydna. Although the area is intensively farmed, the pick-up survey proved remarkably successful. Hellenistic occupation was identified and a restricted Roman settlement around the site of the quadriburgium. Surprisingly, a new and large late Roman fortification (c. 3–4 ha), equipped with towers, with a densely occupied interior and ‘extramural’ buildings was also found. The north-eastern curtain was discovered by resistivity surveying, the line of the north-western and south-western sides by intensive survey. Pottery and brick monograms from the new site suggests that it dates to the second half of the sixth or possibly early seventh century. It is argued that the quadriburgium may be the site of ancient Anamon, a station on the coastal road from Thessaloniki to Dion. The newly discovered site, clearly of considerable importance, lay on the north bank of the river Sourvala and probably had direct access to the sea, importing both local pottery and amphorae from the eastern Aegean. Its role may have been to protect the fertile coastline of the Pieria and to provide a secure base for the export of agricultural products to the beleaguered cities and settlements around the Thermaic Gulf.


2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Ivelina Zapryanova

An evaluation was made of the effectiveness elements of the pig breeding industry in Bulgaria in the period 2001-2016, through cluster analysis. The studied period was divided in 3 subperiods, each one with three similar groups (clusters). Through application of cluster analysis, the proximity of the different administration regions in the country was defined in accordance with certain indicators of the pig breeding effectiveness. It was found that in the first cluster for the period 2001-2006 fall North-Western and South-Western region. The North-Eastern and North-Central region form the second cluster. The South-Eastern and South-Central region fall mainly into the third cluster. In the first cluster for the period 2007-2011, the North-Western, South-Western and South-Central regions have a priority with the lowest number of sold animals. The North-Eastern and the North-Central region, forming a third cluster, remain with the highest effectiveness of the pig farming. After the end of 2013 an aggregation of the sector began. For the period 2012-2016, the second cluster is formed from three regions - North-Western, South-Western, and South-Central in 2013.


1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 1035-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakov Dulčić

The capture of the cornich blackfish, Schedophilus medusophagus, larvae from the Adriatic Sea represents an easterly extension in range of this species, and the first larval record in Adriatic waters.Schedophilus medusophagus Cocco, 1839, is a mesopelagic species from temperate waters of the north-eastern and north-western Atlantic and the western Mediterranean (Bini, 1968; Tortonese, 1975; Haedrich, 1986). The first record of this fish from the Adriatic Sea was reported in 1880 according to Ninni (1912). The second record was during the invasion of medusae Pelagia noctiluca (Malej, 1982; Rottini-Sandrini & Stravisi, 1982; Vučetić, 1982,1983) in Pelješac channel near the town of Korčula-island Koršula (central Adriatic) in 1982 (Onofri, 1986). Ten juvenile specimens, from 10·0 to 20·0cm total length (TL), were collected with medusae at 2m depth. This record Onofri (1986) connected with the ingression of inter-median waters (50–100 m) in the central Adriatic influenced the increase of salinity and temperature in 1982. Jardas (1996) noted that S. medusophagus is a very rare species in the Adriatic Sea.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Simon van Bellen ◽  
Anne de Vernal ◽  
Anna To ◽  
Marie‐Michèle Ouellet‐Bernier ◽  
Natasha Roy ◽  
...  

1921 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 781-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Wordie

Previous to the voyage of the Endurance in 1914–1915, the depth and extent of the Weddell Sea were either based on or surmised from the deep-sea soundings made on the Scotia by Dr Bruce in 1903 and 1904; on Dr Otto Nordenskjöld's ship Antarctic in 1901–1902; and on the German Expedition ship Deutschland under the leadership of Lieut. Filchner in 1912–1913. The first set are confined to the eastern and north-eastern portion, and may be said to run diagonally across the mouth of the sea; the second set were made in the extreme north-western area; whilst those of the Deutschland are disposed right down the centre of the sea, and consist mainly of a south-to-north series approximately along the meridian of 43° W.


2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 1153-1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Díaz López ◽  
Julia Andrea Bernal Shirai ◽  
Alberto Bilbao Prieto ◽  
Paula Méndez Fernández

Solitary wild bottlenose dolphins and man frequenting the same small areas makes boat interaction more or less inevitable. Here we provide the first quantified data about solitary bottlenose dolphin diving behaviour in the presence and absence of boats. Over 110 hours were spent observing a solitary bottlenose dolphin within a 6 km2 bay on the north-western coast of Spain from April to August 2005. A generalized linear mixed model explaining 77.3% of the variability of duration of dives indicated that the animal did not vary its diving activity in function of the presence of boats. However, the length of dives was related with the behavioural events prior to dive. Dolphin activity was characterized by mean dive intervals (mean = 62.6 seconds) related to a predominance of foraging behaviour. Because of the frequent presence of boats and the manner in which they moved, the dolphin may have become accustomed to their presence. The data reported here could be used to implement precautionary management proposals that take into account the potential effects of boat presence on bottlenose dolphins.


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