scholarly journals What does the Shinyei PPD42NS Low-Cost Dust Sensor Really Measure?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Michaël Canu ◽  
◽  
Boris Gálvis ◽  
Malika Madelin
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Detection Stage ◽  
Sensor Signals ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Accuracy And Repeatability ◽  
Particulate Matter Pollution

Deteriorating air quality is of great concern around the world. Recently, citizen scientists, researchers, and many others have used low-cost devices such as the Shinyei PPD42NS dust sensor to measure particulate matter pollution in both developed and under-developed countries. However, few articles exist specifically on the features and performance of these sensors. Some have shown mixed results in terms of precision, accuracy, and repeatability, especially for portable applications. Frequently, users assemble the electronics and the sensors applying simple guidelines, using electric schematics, and coding extraneous algorithms to get questionable data. There is a need to better understand how it works exactly, its limitations and the effect of the program used to interpret the outputs of this sensor. This article provides a short electronic analysis of the Shinyei PPD42NS dust sensor and shows that the internal sensor electronic design (filters and detection stage) as well as the used data processing algorithm, limit its precision and accuracy by generating nonlinearities and biases. These issues avoid some applications like moving ones and imply that the algorithm used to process the sensor signals must be clearly presented in future articles.

Values as an Obstacle to Economic Growth in South Asia: An Historical Survey

1967 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 588-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morris David Morris
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Organization ◽  
Historical Survey ◽  
Value System ◽  
The World ◽  
And Performance

There are two widely held explanations for South Asia's failure to attain the level of economic performance achieved by the now developed countries of the world: One is that British imperial policy frustrated economic growth after 1750; the other is that the Indian value system and die social structure that reflected that value system were obstacles to economic growth. It is worthy of note that both interpretations tend to visualize pre-1750 South Asia at a level of economic organization and performance at least equal to that of western Europe in 1750, with the economic gap appearing only subsequently.

scholarly journals Is the low-cost EyeTribe eye tracker any good for research?

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Dalmaijer
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
The World ◽  
Quality Video ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
High Quality Video ◽  
Tracking Technology

Eye-tracking technology is becoming increasingly cheaper, both on the hardware and on the software front. Currently, the EyeTribe tracker is the most inexpensive commercial eye tracker in the world, at a price of $99. The low costs make it a potentially interesting resource for research, but no objective testing of its quality has been performed yet. Here the EyeTribe tracker is compared with an EyeLink 1000, a high-quality video eye tracker. Results indicate that the spatial precision and accuracy are good enough for fixation checking, point-of-regard analyses, and pupilometry. However, the low sampling rate renders the device unsuitable for testing high-accuracy saccade metrics. Additionally, open-source toolboxes for Matlab and Python, and a plug-in for OpenSesame are presented, which can be used to interface with the EyeTribe tracker.

scholarly journals The concept of creating universal systems for the environmental certification of transport diesels based on mini- and microtunnels

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Work Processes ◽  
Environmental Certification ◽  
Experimental Development ◽  
Compensation Methods ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Experimental Researches

Purpose. Creation of a scientific and practical basis for the development on the basis of mini and micro tunnels of universal low-cost systems for the environmental certification of transport diesel engines in terms of the mass emission of particulate matter with exhaust gases. Methods. Analysis and synthesis of information when studying the systems of ecological certification of diesel engines, physical and mathematical modeling, experimental research of working processes, technical characteristics and efficiency indicators of tunnels. Results. The technical characteristics of mini and micro-tunnels as control systems for mass emissions of diesel particulate matter are considered. The concept of the creation of universal mini- and microtunnels is proposed based on the principles of increasing their compactness, dynamism, management efficiency and accuracy. Conclusions. The results of theoretical and experimental researches and developments on increasing the universality of mini- and microtunnels are presented: mathematical models of work processes, resulting errors and performance indicators of tunnel; new isokinetic and compensation methods for controlling exhaust gas samples; prototypes of a minitunnule with an isokinetic sampler MT-1, microtunnels MKT-1 and MKT-2; test benches for studies of thermal processes in tunnels, isokinetic and compensation sampling regimes; results experimental development of certification procedures for measuring emissions of particulate matter from automotive, tractor and diesel locomotives.

scholarly journals Swap transactions as a financial tool, their recognition as international accounting standard 39 and display in financial statements

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Ali Kablan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Accounting ◽  
Accounting Standard ◽  
The World ◽  
International Accounting Standard

<p>Developments in international financial markets concern both developed countries and developing countries closely. The transactions of institutions arising from of commercial activities display a more complex and more risky state in line with international economic developments. The globalization trend in the world economy, the extreme fluctuations in currencies, interests and product prices have rendered closely following up the developments in financial tools mandatory. Taking advantage of derivative financial tools which increase the revenue of assets by taking future risks into consideration, impact a decrease in debt costs and has the purpose of transferring risks are of vital importance with respect to the successful management of companies. At the present time in which international commerce, free market economy and globalization has gained in importance, one of the derivative products used in risk management and have a wide implementation area is swap transactions. Swap transactions can be expressed as a financial transaction including the exchange of interest, foreign currency or both between two or more parties. Swap transactions in particular are used for purposes such as protection against risks due to interest rates and exchange rates, ensuring low cost financing, changing the debt structure and entering different markets. In this study, the generally defined characteristics of swap transactions, which have an important standing within financial risk management and have been rapidly developing in the world in recent years and their recognition according to the International Accounting Standard 39 concerning the recognition of swap transactions, which has in particular termed the study have been focused on. In the framework of the standard, interest swap and foreign currency swap implementation study were included with respect to the matter.</p>

scholarly journals Fluidyne Heat Engine Construction and Performance

1969 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
Y. Shahabasi
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Heat Engine ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
The World ◽  
Engine Construction ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Effective Use

Strictly speaking, all forms of energy are derived from the sun. However, our most common forms of energy, fossil-fuels, received their solar input eons ago and have changed their characteristics so that they are now in concentrated form. It is apparent that these stored concentrated energy forms are now being used at such a rapid rate that they will be depleted in the not-toodistant future. It would be useful to utilize the incoming solar energy directly. The effective use of the sun's energy in agriculture by any economically possible means will help the farmers continue their work with no disruption because of the lack of concentrated form of energy. The fluidyne heat engine utilizes solar energy to pump water. The simplicity, reliability, and low cost of this engine are of primary importance for the farmers in the part of the world whereas solar energy is abundant such as Puerto Rico.

Tracking Pollution in the Breeze, with Trees

Eos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel Scharping
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
New Research ◽  
Particulate Matter Pollution

New research outlines how pine needles offer a simple, low-cost means of assessing particulate matter pollution.

scholarly journals A Short Review of Benefits of Using Chest CT Characteristics for Early diagnoses to Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
R. Vennila ◽  
R. Vennila ◽  
P. Venkatraman
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The World

In 21st century, the year 2020 was expected with much development in India as well many other countries. But unfortunately, the world is facing many natural calamities. World is taking steps towards rescue mission of the disasters. Among of those calamities, deadly Corona Virus remains still all over the world as pandemic disease. Even the developed countries are struggling to come back to its normal routine. India is a country with developing technologies. Vaccines are yet to be developed for treatment of this Novel Corona Virus. As a diagnostic tool, Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal swabs are taken from the person and tested using RT-PCR. This test is not 100 percent accurate. Confirmed COVID patients after few days are undergoing the medical imaging. This diagnostic imaging technique helps in showing the progression of this virus spread in Upper and Lower respiratory system. Chest Radiography is low cost modality but its sensitivity towards observation is 69%. Lung Ultrasound is used in Intensive Care patients and not used for routine diagnosing purpose. Computed Tomography plays a crucial role in three-dimensional chest imaging of COVID-19 patients. The sensitivity of CT is 98%. The aim of this paper is to consider CT as a tool for diagnosing COVID-19 patient than using the standard tool RT-PCR. A brief knowledge about imaging modality like X-ray, Ultrasound and Computed Tomography when used against COVID patient is explained. This paper gives reason for the ideal use of CT diagnosis for COVID 19.

scholarly journals Is the low-cost EyeTribe eye tracker any good for research?

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Dalmaijer
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
The World ◽  
Quality Video ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
High Quality Video ◽  
Tracking Technology

Eye-tracking technology is becoming increasingly cheaper, both on the hardware and on the software front. Currently, the EyeTribe tracker is the most inexpensive commercial eye tracker in the world, at a price of $99. The low costs make it a potentially interesting resource for research, but no objective testing of its quality has been performed yet. Here the EyeTribe tracker is compared with an EyeLink 1000, a high-quality video eye tracker. Results indicate that the spatial precision and accuracy are good enough for fixation checking, point-of-regard analyses, and pupilometry. However, the low sampling rate renders the device unsuitable for testing high-accuracy saccade metrics. Additionally, open-source toolboxes for Matlab and Python, and a plug-in for OpenSesame are presented, which can be used to interface with the EyeTribe tracker.

scholarly journals Swap transactions as a financial tool, their recognition as international accounting standard 39 and display in financial statements

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-25
Author(s):  
Ali Kablan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Accounting ◽  
Accounting Standard ◽  
The World ◽  
International Accounting Standard

Developments in international financial markets concern both developed countries and developing countries closely. The transactions of institutions arising from of commercial activities display a more complex and more risky state in line with international economic developments. The globalization trend in the world economy, the extreme fluctuations in currencies, interests and product prices have rendered closely following up the developments in financial tools mandatory. Taking advantage of derivative financial tools which increase the revenue of assets by taking future risks into consideration, impact a decrease in debt costs and has the purpose of transferring risks are of vital importance with respect to the successful management of companies. At the present time in which internationalcommerce, free market economy and globalization has gained in importance, one of the derivative products used in risk management and have a wide implementation area is swap transactions. Swap transactions can be expressed as a financial transaction including the exchange of interest, foreign currency or both between two or more parties. Swap transactions in particular are used for purposes such as protection against risks due to interest rates and exchange rates, ensuring low cost financing, changing the debt structure and entering different markets. In this study, the generallydefined characteristics of swap transactions, which have an important standing within financial risk management and have been rapidly developing in the world in recent years and their recognition according to the International Accounting Standard 39 concerning the recognition of swap transactions, which has in particular termed the study have been focused on. In the framework of the standard, interest swap and foreign currency swap implementation study were included with respect to the matter

scholarly journals Association of particulate matter pollution 〖PM〗_10 and 〖PM〗_2.5 and COVID-19 pandemic in Quito-Ecuador

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Miguel Eduardo Rodriguez Rodriguez ◽  
Maribel Pérez Pirela
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Emergency Management ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
World Health ◽  
Management Service ◽  
The World ◽  
Correlation Tests ◽  
Index Terms ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Particulate Matter Pollution

  This study aimed to investigate the associations between particulate matter (PM) concentrations and the confirmed cases, new cases and deaths by Covid-19 in Quito-Ecuador. Covid-19 data were extracted from Ecuador's National Risk Management Service, while the average daily values of   and  were obtained from the data reported by the Quito Environment Secretariat. The analysis of the data was performed using Kendall and Spearman's ranks correlation tests since the data did not present a normal distribution. A strong significant correlation was found between   and confirmed cases and deaths, while between   and confirmed cases, new cases and deaths, the correlation was weak, in both Kendall and Spearman tests. These results are consistent with the growing trends of   due to ash emissions from Sangay and Reventador volcanoes, which are a natural source of PM. As a result, this study supports the possibility that the   could act as a vehicle in the transmission of Covid-19. Our results will help the World Health Organization and the National Risk and Emergency Management Service in Ecuador take effective action to combat Covid-19.   Index Terms— Covid-19, Particulate matter pollution,  Ecuador, Volcanic Ash, Quito, Coronavirus.

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