scholarly journals The concept of creating universal systems for the environmental certification of transport diesels based on mini- and microtunnels

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Work Processes ◽  
Environmental Certification ◽  
Experimental Development ◽  
Compensation Methods ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Experimental Researches

Purpose. Creation of a scientific and practical basis for the development on the basis of mini and micro tunnels of universal low-cost systems for the environmental certification of transport diesel engines in terms of the mass emission of particulate matter with exhaust gases. Methods. Analysis and synthesis of information when studying the systems of ecological certification of diesel engines, physical and mathematical modeling, experimental research of working processes, technical characteristics and efficiency indicators of tunnels. Results. The technical characteristics of mini and micro-tunnels as control systems for mass emissions of diesel particulate matter are considered. The concept of the creation of universal mini- and microtunnels is proposed based on the principles of increasing their compactness, dynamism, management efficiency and accuracy. Conclusions. The results of theoretical and experimental researches and developments on increasing the universality of mini- and microtunnels are presented: mathematical models of work processes, resulting errors and performance indicators of tunnel; new isokinetic and compensation methods for controlling exhaust gas samples; prototypes of a minitunnule with an isokinetic sampler MT-1, microtunnels MKT-1 and MKT-2; test benches for studies of thermal processes in tunnels, isokinetic and compensation sampling regimes; results experimental development of certification procedures for measuring emissions of particulate matter from automotive, tractor and diesel locomotives.

scholarly journals Increase of High-Speed Qualities And Economic Efficiency of Use Systems of Ecological Diagnostics Diesel Engines-Microtunnels

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Environmental Testing ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis

Purpose. Reducing the duration and cost of procedures for environmental diagnostics of diesel power plants by increasing the speed of measurements of normalizedРM index – average operating emissions of particulate matters with exhaust gases of diesel engines. Methods. Analysis and synthesis of information, mathematical modeling, experimental studies, calculation experiment. Results.In accordance with the requirements of the international standard ISO 8178, a method of accelerated measurement (МАМ) of the PMindex is proposed, which is characterized by the maximum allowable sample filtration rate and the minimum allowable masses of particulate matter in the filters, the use of which can significantly improve the economic efficiency of applying microtunnels: with single- and multi-filter sampling methods - in 3,1 ... 4,1 times and in 5,3 ... 7,1 times, respectively. Conclusions. Compared to the most common methods of control of particulate matter emissions that are realized in mini and microtunnels of Perkins, AVL, Mitsubishicompanies, they are characterized by higher speed and economic efficiency of use - indicators that are of great importance in testing high-power diesel engines –locomotive diesel, ships and others. It is substantiated that the use of МАМ allows to shorten the duration and cost of environmental testing of mainline diesel engines - 2TE116 and shunting - TEM-2 locomotives: certification tests - by 9 ... 28%, which is 0.2 ... 0.7 h and 0, 8 ... 1,5 thousand UAH; research tests - 43 ... 53%, which is 1.7 ... 3.0 h and 4.0 ... 7.5 thousand UAH. With the reduction of the actual emission levels of particulate matter with the exhaust gases of the diesel engine, the efficiency of the use of МАМ increases.

scholarly journals What does the Shinyei PPD42NS Low-Cost Dust Sensor Really Measure?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Michaël Canu ◽  
◽  
Boris Gálvis ◽  
Malika Madelin
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Detection Stage ◽  
Sensor Signals ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Accuracy And Repeatability ◽  
Particulate Matter Pollution

Deteriorating air quality is of great concern around the world. Recently, citizen scientists, researchers, and many others have used low-cost devices such as the Shinyei PPD42NS dust sensor to measure particulate matter pollution in both developed and under-developed countries. However, few articles exist specifically on the features and performance of these sensors. Some have shown mixed results in terms of precision, accuracy, and repeatability, especially for portable applications. Frequently, users assemble the electronics and the sensors applying simple guidelines, using electric schematics, and coding extraneous algorithms to get questionable data. There is a need to better understand how it works exactly, its limitations and the effect of the program used to interpret the outputs of this sensor. This article provides a short electronic analysis of the Shinyei PPD42NS dust sensor and shows that the internal sensor electronic design (filters and detection stage) as well as the used data processing algorithm, limit its precision and accuracy by generating nonlinearities and biases. These issues avoid some applications like moving ones and imply that the algorithm used to process the sensor signals must be clearly presented in future articles.

ICR350: A Turbine Solution for Medium and Heavy Duty Vehicles

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Dewis
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Finish Line ◽  
Battery Chargers ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Many ◽  
Battery Technology ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicles

This paper briefly reviews automotive gas turbine history, examines the factors that influence engine selection, and introduces the ICR350 intercooled-recuperated gas turbine, an engine designed for Medium and Heavy Duty Vehicles, (MHDV). After turbines successfully displaced reciprocating engines from aircraft in the 1950’s, it was widely believed that they would rapidly penetrate the vehicular market. With the promise of low cost and simplicity all major automotive companies had aggressive turbine programs. But what began as a sprint became a marathon. Of the many that started, just a few managed to reach the finish line, only to be defeated by revised emissions legislation and the unforeseen energy crisis. The DOE continued funding automotive turbine development and transitioned from mechanical to hybrid drivetrain solutions. Ultimately, and somewhat serendipitously, microturbines were developed from range extender engines conceived as battery chargers in the Hybrid Vehicle program. Most recently, the Advanced Microturbine Systems program, AMTS, is responsible for technologies leveraged in ICRTec’s next generation vehicular turbine. Today battery technology has advanced sufficiently for low daily use vehicles and collection or delivery vehicles with regenerative braking. With its low power density, this same technology does not work for MHDV’s, a sector dominated by diesel engines. Emissions compliance is placing heavy cost and performance penalties on incumbent diesel engines, and the recently proposed MHDV efficiency legislation will only exacerbate the situation. After 40 years it appears that externalities, coupled with advances in turbomachinery, now favor a gas turbine solution.

Strategic threats to energy security as risks of quality of people's life

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 730-744
Author(s):  
V.I. Loktionov
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Economic Well Being ◽  
The Way

Subject. The article reviews the way strategic threats to energy security influence the quality of people's life. Objectives. The study unfolds the theory of analyzing strategic threats to energy security by covering the matter of quality of people's life. Methods. To analyze the way strategic threats to energy security spread across cross-sectoral commodity and production chains and influences quality of people's living, I applied the factor analysis and general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis. Results. I suggest interpreting strategic threats to energy security as risks of people's quality of life due to a reduction in the volume of energy supply. I identified mechanisms reflecting how the fuel and energy complex and its development influence the quality of people's life. The article sets out the method to assess such quality-of-life risks arising from strategic threats to energy security. Conclusions and Relevance. In the current geopolitical situation, strategic threats to energy security cause long-standing adverse consequences for the quality of people's life. If strategic threats to energy security are further construed as risk of quality of people's life, this will facilitate the preparation and performance of a more effective governmental policy on energy, which will subsequently raise the economic well-being of people.

Low cost HAB platform to measure particulate matter in the troposphere

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Potosnak ◽  
Bernhard Beck-Winchatz ◽  
Paul Ritter ◽  
Emily Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Low Cost

Programmable Integrated Photonics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Capmany ◽  
Daniel Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
External Control ◽  
Integrated Photonics ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Photonic Integrated Circuit ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Application Fields

Programmable Integrated Photonics (PIP) is a new paradigm that aims at designing common integrated optical hardware configurations, which by suitable programming can implement a variety of functionalities that, in turn, can be exploited as basic operations in many application fields. Programmability enables by means of external control signals both chip reconfiguration for multifunction operation as well as chip stabilization against non-ideal operation due to fluctuations in environmental conditions and fabrication errors. Programming also allows activating parts of the chip, which are not essential for the implementation of a given functionality but can be of help in reducing noise levels through the diversion of undesired reflections. After some years where the Application Specific Photonic Integrated Circuit (ASPIC) paradigm has completely dominated the field of integrated optics, there is an increasing interest in PIP justified by the surge of a number of emerging applications that are and will be calling for true flexibility, reconfigurability as well as low-cost, compact and low-power consuming devices. This book aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to this emergent field covering aspects that range from the basic aspects of technologies and building photonic component blocks to the design alternatives and principles of complex programmable photonics circuits, their limiting factors, techniques for characterization and performance monitoring/control and their salient applications both in the classical as well as in the quantum information fields. The book concentrates and focuses mainly on the distinctive features of programmable photonics as compared to more traditional ASPIC approaches.

The Use of Microcomputer Simulations in Undergraduate Neurophysiology Experiments

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.A. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Microcomputer System ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Teaching Objectives ◽  
Compound Action Potentials ◽  
Experimental Management ◽  
And Performance

Practical classes in neurophysiology reinforce and complement the theoretical background in a number of ways, including demonstration of concepts, practice in planning and performance of experiments, and the production and maintenance of viable neural preparations. The balance of teaching objectives will depend upon the particular group of students involved. A technique is described which allows the embedding of real compound action potentials from one of the most basic introductory neurophysiology experiments—frog sciatic nerve, into interactive programs for student use. These retain all the elements of the “real experiment” in terms of appearance, presentation, experimental management and measurement by the student. Laboratory reports by the students show that the experiments are carefully and enthusiastically performed and the material is well absorbed. Three groups of student derive most benefit from their use. First, students whose future careers will not involve animal experiments do not spend time developing dissecting skills they will not use, but more time fulfilling the other teaching objectives. Second, relatively inexperienced students, struggling to produce viable neural material and master complicated laboratory equipment, who are often left with little time or motivation to take accurate readings or ponder upon neurophysiological concepts. Third, students in institutions where neurophysiology is taught with difficulty because of the high cost of equipment and lack of specific expertise, may well have access to a low cost general purpose microcomputer system.

scholarly journals Experimental development and testing of low-cost scalable radiative cooling materials for building applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 230 ◽  
pp. 111209
Author(s):  
Laura Carlosena ◽  
Ángel Andueza ◽  
Luis Torres ◽  
Olatz Irulegi ◽  
Rufino J. Hernández-Minguillón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Radiative Cooling ◽  
Experimental Development

scholarly journals Experiments with Neural Networks in the Identification and Control of a Magnetic Levitation System Using a Low-Cost Platform

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2535
Author(s):  
Bruno E. Silva ◽  
Ramiro S. Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Magnetic Levitation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Neural Controllers ◽  
Levitation System ◽  
Internal Model Controller ◽  
Magnetic Levitation System ◽  
And Performance

In this article, we designed and implemented neural controllers to control a nonlinear and unstable magnetic levitation system composed of an electromagnet and a magnetic disk. The objective was to evaluate the implementation and performance of neural control algorithms in a low-cost hardware. In a first phase, we designed two classical controllers with the objective to provide the training data for the neural controllers. After, we identified several neural models of the levitation system using Nonlinear AutoRegressive eXogenous (NARX)-type neural networks that were used to emulate the forward dynamics of the system. Finally, we designed and implemented three neural control structures: the inverse controller, the internal model controller, and the model reference controller for the control of the levitation system. The neural controllers were tested on a low-cost Arduino control platform through MATLAB/Simulink. The experimental results proved the good performance of the neural controllers.

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