scholarly journals Evaluation of anxiolytic properties of BacoMind extract of plant Bacopa monnieri Linn. in comparison with diazepam in rodent model

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2506
Author(s):  
Rajni Rathore ◽  
Tarun Arora ◽  
Rashmi Karabasappa Mamadi
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Bacopa Monnieri ◽  
Anxiolytic Activity ◽  
Wistar Strain ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Anxiolytic Agent ◽  
Significant Disability ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background: Anxiety is a state characterized by somatic, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components, associated with significant disability. The pharmacotherapy for anxiety remains limited for achievable safety and tolerability of the medicines. Benzodiazepines use associated with side effects like psychomotor impairment and addiction liability. Due to the ADRs associated with antianxiety drugs, the drug trials have focused on screening herbal medicines that are reportedly used in the treatment of anxiety and which have minimal side effects.Methods: The anxiolytic activity was examined by using the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field test (OFT), forty Albino wistar strain rats of both sex of weighing 120 to 200 g were divided into four groups of ten rats each.. Group 1 received vehicle (normal saline); group 2 received diazepam (1 mg/kg); groups 3 and 4 received BacoMind™, 30 and 60 mg/kg oral, respectively.Results: Rats treated with diazepam (1 mg/kg, p.o.) showed significant (p<0.001) increase in the percentage of open arms entries and time spent whereas, in closed arm the number of entries and time spent were significantly (p<0.05) decreased. Intraperitonial administration of BacoMind™ extract of plant Bacopa monnieri Linn. exhibited significant (p<0.05) increase in the number of open arm entries and time spent with significant (p<0.05) reduction in number of entries and time spent in the closed arm as compared to group 1. BacoMind™ treated rats also produced significant increase in the number of rearings (p<0.05), assisted rearings and number of squares crossed (p<0.01).Conclusions: BacoMind™ extract of plant Bacopa monnieri Linn possess significant anxiolytic activity in the rats. It can be a promising anxiolytic agent.

scholarly journals Study of Some Parameters to Evaluate Immunization against Leishmaniasis in Golden hamsters

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Fawzia A. Al-Shanawi ◽  
Harith S. Al-Warid
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Challenge Infection ◽  
Leishmania Tropica ◽  
Parasite Culture ◽  
Golden Hamsters ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Incubation period, smears, impression and parasite culture for each liver, spleen, foot and blood were observed along five times follow up (15,30, 45, 60, 75, 90) days after challenge infection with virulent Leishmania tropica isolate in four groups of golden hamsters, inoculated with (one, two, three) doses of different antigens as following: Group (1) inoculated with autoclaved killed Leishmania tropica, Group (2) inoculated with BCG vaccine alone while Group (3) Inoculated with mixed vaccines (autoclaved killed Leishmania + BCG) and (4) control animals inoculated with phosphate buffer saline. Group 3, was considered as the best vaccine in this study because animal inoculated with this vaccine showed the following results compared with other antigens: - No lesion appeared along 90 days of following up.- Negative foot impression and culture up to 15 and 30 days of infection respectively, - Negative spleen and liver impression up to 30 days of infection when comparing with other groups.

scholarly journals Prospective randomized double blind comparison of analgesic efficacy of single shot epidural bupivacaine with or without dexamethasone in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgeries

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
Anuj Jung Rayamajhi ◽  
Balbrishna Bhattarai ◽  
Birendra Prasad Shah
Keyword(s):  
Analgesic Efficacy ◽  
Epidural Injection ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Epidural Block ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Perioperative Analgesia ◽  
Balanced Anesthesia ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background: Epidural block with local anaesthetic with or without additives is being used for perioperative analgesia. Various additives have been used to enhance the effect of regional blocks including epidural blocks. This study aimed to investigate the effect of adding a single shot epidural dexamethasone to bupivacaine on postoperative analgesia and dose of rescue analgesics used.Methods: A prospective, randomized, double blinded study was conducted in 90 adult patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery. The patients were randomized into two groups. Group 1 received 9ml of 0.5% bupivacaine plain with 1 ml of normal saline. Group 2 received 9ml of 0.5% bupivacaine plain 9 ml with 1 ml of dexamethasone (4mg). After standard balanced anesthesia technique, patients were observed in postoperative period for pain and hemodynamic variables accordingly.Results: Our study showed significantly longer duration of analgesia of 468 minutes (almost 8 hours) when dexamethasone was added to bupivacaine for single shot epidural injection compared to 271 minutes (approximately 4 and half hours) when bupivacaine alone was used (p<0.001). Consumption of rescue analgesic, Tramadol, was significantly lower in dexamethasone group in 24 hours (169.31±50.82 mg in Group 1 and 114.77±60.59mg in Group 2, p<0.001). No adverse events were noted.Conclusion: Addition of dexamethasone to bupivacaine for single shot epidural block almost doubled the duration of analgesia. Single shot epidural block using bupivacaine with addition of dexamethasone provides effective post operative analgesia and significantly reduced the postoperative rescue analgesic requirement.Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal 2015; 2(2): 46-51

Dual effects of erdosteine on hemostasis via its different metabolites in young rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1644-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vefik Arica ◽  
Murat Tutanc ◽  
Oktay Hasan Ozturk ◽  
Secil Arica ◽  
Fatmagul Basarslan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Peripheral Blood Smear ◽  
International Normalized Ratio ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Oral Gavage ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Aim: In the study, we examined erdosteine’s effects on platelet functions and coagulation. Materials and methods: A total 29 young albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Control rats ( n = 6) were given saline; Group 1 rats ( n = 7) were given 3 mg/kg erdosteine by oral gavage for 3 days; Group 2 rats ( n = 7) were given 10 mg/kg erdosteine by oral gavage for 3 days; and Group 3 rats ( n = 9) were given 30 mg/kg erdosteine for 3 days. Twenty-four hours after the final dose, blood samples were drawn from a portal vein. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and international normalized ratio (INR) were measured, and platelet counts were examined in a peripheral blood smear by light microscopy. Results: PT and INR values of Group 1 increased compared to the controls but did not change in Group 3. Hemostatic parameters were not measured in Group 2 because the blood samples in Group 2’s tubes clotted rapidly. Platelet counts of the peripheral blood from Group 2 were low but were normal in other groups. Conclusion: We have concluded erdosteine may disrupt hemostasis parameters by its different metabolites in patients. Erdosteine has dual effects on hemostasis via its different metabolites, which occur in different doses.

Latent Learning in White Rats with and without Reinforcement by Presentation of Videotaped Stimuli

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1331-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Kahane ◽  
Robert J. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Albino Rats ◽  
Correlated Response ◽  
Latent Learning ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Theoretical Support ◽  
Wistar Strain ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Group 1

The effect of videotaped presentation of a maze, with and without reinforcement during correct “trials,” was investigated to determine whether learning could occur without the correlated response being manifested. Three groups of 10, female albino rats of the Wistar strain, 120 days old, were employed. The stimuli were presented on a monitor during acquisition. Group 1 received the film and reinforcement during correct “trials” and performed significantly better than Group 2, which received the film but no reinforcement and Group 3 which received neither film nor reinforcement on test trials in the actual maze. Empirical and theoretical support were obtained for the notion that learning would occur without responding.

scholarly journals The Effects of Alkaloids Fraction of Cyperus esculentus on Some Biochemical Parameters and Histopathology of the Testis of Lead-Induced Toxicity

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Godson Emeka Anyanwu ◽  
Luqman Adepoju Hassan ◽  
Ifeanacho Ezeteonu Abireh ◽  
Nto Johnson Nto
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Aim: This study evaluated the protective effect of alkaloids fraction of Cyperus esculentus on lead-induced testicular toxicity in Wistar rat. Methodology: Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five (5) groups, (n=5). Group 1 was administered with 1ml normal saline only, group 2 was administered with 30 mg/kg of lead, group 3 was administered with 50mg/kg of alkaloids and 30 mg/kg of lead, group 4 was administered with 100 mg/kg of alkaloids and 30 mg/kg of lead, group 5 was administered 150mg/kg of alkaloids and 30 mg/kg of lead orally for 28 days. The testes of the rats were harvested on day 29 of the experiment and histological studies done using the H&E and Verhoeff-Van Gieson (VVG) stains. Sperm parameters, sex hormones and antioxidant of testicular homogenates were analysed. Results: Histological examination of the testes revealed increased spermatogenic cells and Leydig cell proliferation in the rats in groups 3, 4, and 5 administered with 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 150 mg/kg of Alkaloids, and 30 mg/kg of lead, respectively, when compared with group 2 administered with 30 mg/kg of lead alone. Also there was significant increase in levels of serum testosterone (p < .05) in groups 3, 4, and 5 when compared with group 2. There was increase in levels of follicle stimulating hormone in groups 4, and 5 when compared with group 2. However, significant decreased in luteinizing hormone was observed in groups 3, 4 and 5. Group 2, treated with 30 mg/kg of lead only showed increased malondialdehyde levels when compared with group 1 that received 1ml normal saline. Group 3, 4, and 5, treated with 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 150 mg/kg of alkaloid plus 30 mg/kg lead, respectively, showed significant growth of seminiferous epithelium, improved sperm quality, and decreased levels of malondialdehyde (p < .05). Conclusion: This study shows that alkaloids fraction of Cyperus esculentus may have a protective effect on the testis of Wistar rat when it is exposed to toxicity from lead.

scholarly journals Importance of food plants in the prevention and treatment of diabetes in Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Nole Tsabang ◽  
Lionel W. ◽  
Clément G. Yedjou ◽  
Paul B. Tchounwou
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Onset Of Diabetes ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background: Diabetes is a metabolic pathology that affects the human body’s capacity to produce and use insulin. Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes accounts for 5-10 % of diabetic patients. In Type 2 diabetes the insulin produced by the pancreatic islets is not properly used by cells leading to insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes sometimes occurs in pregnant women and affects about 18 % of all pregnancies. Diabetes is one of the most important multifactorial, metabolic and chronic diseases, with fatal complications. According to the International Diabetes Federation’s estimations in 2015, 415 million people had diabetes. By 2040 this will increase to 642 million. Although many ethnopharmacological surveys have been carried out in several parts of the world, no ethnomedical and ethnopharmacological surveys have been done to identify plants used for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.Objective: This study aimed to collect and document information on food plants’ remedies consumed for preventing and treating diabetes in Cameroon.Methods: Ethnomedical and ethnopharmacological thorough preparation was conducted nearby 1131 interviewers from 58 tribes, in a random distribution. Diabetic patients recorded among the 1,131 people who signed the informed consent and allowed us to evaluate the effectiveness of 10 food plants that they usually used in self-medication. They were divided into two groups: Group 1 was comprised of 42 diabetic patients who regularly consume certain food plants, and Group 2 included 58 patients who were town dwellers and did not regularly eat the identified food plants. Results: It was discovered that the times of onset of diabetes in patients were about 70 years and 45 years in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. Hence, it was demonstrated that the onset of diabetes was linked to consumption of food plants which contributed to the prevention and/or the delay in its clinical manifestations.Conclusion: The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the use of herbal medicines in the management of diabetes. However further investigations and/or clinical trials involving a large number of both type 1 and type 2 diabetics are needed to confirm the therapeutic action of many food plants against diabetes.Keywords: Cameroon, food plants, diabetes, prevention and treatment

The Effects of Streptokinase used Intravesically on the Urothelium

1998 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-558
Author(s):  
H. Şahin ◽  
F. Yilmaz ◽  
M. Deniz ◽  
A.F. Akay ◽  
M.K. Bircan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Wall ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Intravesical Instillation ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
New Zealand Rabbits ◽  
Group 1

The aim of this experimental study has been to research the effects of streptokinase instillation on the urothelium. Fifteen mature male New Zealand rabbits were divided into 4 experimental groups and saline (Group 1) or streptokinase (Group 2–4) were instilled (3 ml) into the bladder in different doses for 30 minutes. The rabbits were euthanized at 30 days after intravesical instillation and cystectomy was performed. All bladders were evaluated macroscopically and histologically under light microscopy. It has been established that streptokinase has no harmful effect on the urothelium such as inflammation, fibrosis, mucosal atypia and/or thickness in the bladder wall. As a result, streptokinase instillation into the bladder to resolve clotting is a safe treatment method and seems to be a satisfactory alternative to other methods.

scholarly journals Superoxide via Sp3 mechanism increases renal renin activity, renal AT1 receptor function, and blood pressure in rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (5) ◽  
pp. F1478-F1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Saleem ◽  
Xitao Wang ◽  
Indira Pokkunuri ◽  
Mohammad Asghar
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
Lysine Acetylation ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Biochemical Studies ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

We tested a hypothesis that superoxide, by inducing Sp3, increases renal renin activity, renal angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) function, and blood pressure (BP) in rats. Group 1 rats were treated with vehicle, saline. Group 2 rats were treated with superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor diethylthiocarbamate (DETC). Group 3 rats were treated with DETC and an SOD mimetic, tempol. Group 4 rats were treated with tempol only. All four groups of rats were treated for 2 wk then anesthetized, and BP was recorded. Thereafter, diuresis and natriuresis in response to AT1R blocker candesartan were determined. When compared with vehicle rats, BP increased in DETC rats. The increased BP in DETC rats decreased with tempol. Diuresis and natriuresis in response to candesartan increased in controls, and this further increased in DETC rats and decreased with tempol. A second set of four groups of rats underwent the same treatment as above and were anesthetized, and their kidneys were obtained for biochemical studies. The levels of superoxide but not hydrogen peroxide increased, whereas SOD activities decreased further in the renal cortical tissues of DETC rats than vehicle rats. These effects were attenuated with tempol in DETC rats. Moreover, tissue renin activity and abundance of membranous AT1R proteins increased more in DETC rats than vehicle rats, and decreased with tempol in DETC rats. Furthermore, the levels of lysine-acetylated, but not serine-phosphorylated, Sp3 increased more in the nuclei of DETC rats than vehicle rats. The increased levels of Sp3 lysine acetylation decreased in DETC rats with tempol. Taken together, our results suggest that superoxide activates renal Sp3 via lysine acetylation increasing renin activity, AT1R function, and BP in rats.

scholarly journals Comparing the Effect of Dexamethasone, Normal Saline, and Metoclopramide on Prevention of Postoperative Nausea, Vomiting and Pain in Patient Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy or Open Appendectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (B) ◽  
pp. 139-144
Author(s):  
Mohanad Y. Al-Radeef ◽  
Sattar J. Abood ◽  
Waleed K. Abdulsahib ◽  
Salah O. Hamad
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Pain Score ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Open Appendectomy ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Lower Pain Score ◽  
Group 1

BACKGROUND: Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and pain are a common complications of adult patients undergoing anesthesia, but the incidence of these complications in patients go through laparoscopic cholecystectomy or open appendectomy is unknown. AIM: We conduct this study for comparing the effect of dexamethasone administration with normal saline and with metoclopramide for reducing these undesirable effects. DESIGN: This was a three-armed, parallel-group, double-blind, and randomized controlled clinical trial. METHODS: Seventy-two patients of both genders underwent elective surgeries (laparoscopic cholecystectomy or open appendectomy), randomly assigned to three groups: A dexamethasone-treated (8 mg) group (Group 1) (n = 24), normal saline-treated (100 ml) group (Group 2) (n = 24), and metoclopramide-treated (10 mg) group (Group 3) (n = 24). All nausea, vomiting, and pain episodes were recorded during 24 h after anesthesia in three time periods: 0–4, 4–12, and 12–24 h post-anesthesia. Results: Nausea and vomiting grading scale shows no significant difference when compare dexamethasone (Group 1) with normal saline (Group 2), significant difference when compare dexamethasone (Group 1) with metoclopramide (Group 3), and also significant difference when compare normal saline (Group 2) with metoclopramide (Group 3). Group 1 showed a lower pain score (p < 0.01 and p < 0.0001) compared with pain score recorded by patients of Groups 2 and 3, respectively. Besides that, Group 2 also showed a lower pain score (p < 0.0001) compared with pain score recorded by Group 3 patients. CONCLUSION: Dexamethasone has unimportant effect when compare with normal saline, more effectiveness than metoclopramide in reducing PONV. However, dexamethasone more effective in reducing pain when comparing with normal saline and metoclopramide for patients they underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy or open appendectomy surgery under general anesthesia.

scholarly journals Influence of the Number of Animals per Cage on the Anxiety Levels in Mice

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Martins Bellei ◽  
Samuel Campos Gomides ◽  
José Olímpio Tavares de Souza ◽  
Carlos Alberto Mourão Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Significant Alteration ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the number of animals per cage behaviour of anxiety in mice exposed to elevated plus-maze. Thirty Swiss mice were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2) with 10 and 20 animals respectively in each cage. Upon reaching 90 days of age, each animal was submitted to the elevated plus-maze, only once in the period of 5 minutes. The parameters evaluated in both groups were: percentage of the number of entries in open arm (% nBA) and percentage of time spent in open arms (% tBA). The statistical analyis did not yield significant difference between the two groups in regarding %nBA (p = 0.87) nor with respect to tBA% (p = 0.98). Our work concluded that the maintenance of 10 or 20 mice per cage did not cause any significant alteration in the anxiety levels of the animals, thus it suggests being indifferent to maintain 10 or 20 mice per cage.

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