Latent Learning in White Rats with and without Reinforcement by Presentation of Videotaped Stimuli

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1331-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Kahane ◽  
Robert J. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Albino Rats ◽  
Correlated Response ◽  
Latent Learning ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Theoretical Support ◽  
Wistar Strain ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Group 1

The effect of videotaped presentation of a maze, with and without reinforcement during correct “trials,” was investigated to determine whether learning could occur without the correlated response being manifested. Three groups of 10, female albino rats of the Wistar strain, 120 days old, were employed. The stimuli were presented on a monitor during acquisition. Group 1 received the film and reinforcement during correct “trials” and performed significantly better than Group 2, which received the film but no reinforcement and Group 3 which received neither film nor reinforcement on test trials in the actual maze. Empirical and theoretical support were obtained for the notion that learning would occur without responding.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF PATIENT'S PERCEPTION AND HEALING, FOLLOWING CONVENTIONAL AND PARALLELING TECHNIQUE OF FRENECTOMY USING SCALPEL AND OTHER MODALITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Dr. Ira Gupta ◽  
Saranik Sarkar ◽  
Rohit Gupta ◽  
Nidhi Gupta ◽  
Janardhana Amaranath B. J. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Gingival Recession ◽  
Conventional Technique ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Patient’S Perception ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
Operative Wound

Background: Frenum that encroaches on the margin of the gingiva may interfere with plaque removal and can lead to gingival recession and midline diastema. Thus, to maintain proper oral hygiene and prevent gingival recession, frenectomy is done. Frenectomy can be accomplished by conventional frenectomy technique, which has certain disadvantages. To overcome those drawbacks, paralleling technique of frenectomy has been introduced. Both the techniques can be performed by using various treatment modalities. Aim: The purpose of this clinical study was to compare the bleeding during surgery, post-operative wound healing and patient's perception towards the conventional frenectomy technique with scalpel, paralleling frenectomy technique with scalpel and paralleling technique with electrocautery. Materials and method: A total of 30 subjects with gingival or papillary frenal attachment were selected and equally divided into three groups. Group 1 was treated by conventional technique with scalpel, Group 2 by paralleling technique with scalpel and Group 3 by paralleling technique with electrocautery. Various parameters such as bleeding during surgery, patient's perception towards the various techniques and post-operative wound healing were evaluated. Results: The results showed that bleeding during surgery was minimum in group 3 as compared to other two groups. Patient's perception towards paralleling technique with scalpel, was found better than the other groups. At 7th day, though there was a difference in the healing but at 21st day wound healing was almost similar in all the three groups. Conclusion: Based on our findings and clinical outcome, paralleling technique with scalpel provided better patient's perception and an efficient and satisfactory option for frenectomy.  

scholarly journals Pathomorphology of adaptive changes in the remaining kidney in the early postoperative period after nephrectomy

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Igor Sergeevich Shormanov ◽  
Marina S. Los ◽  
Maxim V. Kosenko ◽  
Natalia S. Shormanova
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Early Postoperative Period ◽  
Left Group ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Single Kidney ◽  
Group 1

Objective. To study the adaptive capacity of a single remaining kidney in the early postoperative period of nephrectomy in an experiment. Materials and methods. The experiment involved 35 laboratory white rats, which were divided into three experimental groups. Group 1 (n = 5) intact animals, group 2 (n = 15) animals underwent nephrectomy on the left; group 3 (n = 15) animals underwent nephrectomy and additionally were created 90 minute hypoxic hypoxia. Histological material was collected on the 5th, 21st and 60th days after surgery. Results. Characteristic morphological changes in the only remaining kidney were an increase in the size of the glomeruli and a decrease in their number. Nephron fibrosis was detected, accompanied by increased production of antigens by the tubular epithelium, which is likely a response to a cascade increase in oxidative stress and increased release of cytokines that stimulate the production of intrarenal collagen. Conclusion. Nephrectomy and hypoxia are provocateurs for the development of systemic distress syndrome, the result of which is the formation of a vicious pathogenetic circle, which reduces the functionality of the renal tissue. This can be considered as one of the early preclinical mechanisms for the initiation of single kidney disease in the future.

Interactions of oxytocin, potassium, and calcium in the rat uterus

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (5) ◽  
pp. 931-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elwin Berger ◽  
Jean M. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Surrounding Medium ◽  
Estradiol Benzoate ◽  
Stimulatory Action ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Tenfold Increase ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
External K

Ovariectomized white rats were treated as follows: group 1, 70 µg estradiol benzoate every other day for 9 days; group 2, 3.1 mg aqueous progesterone daily for 4 days then 6.2 mg daily for 5 days; group 3, untreated controls. Spontaneous muscle contractions were recorded isometrically from isolated uterine horns. Uteri from the estrogen-treated animals were the most sensitive to the stimulatory action of oxytocin (5 mu/ml). The action of oxytocin remained essentially unchanged in the presence of a tenfold increase in external K concentration in both the estrogen-treated and progesterone-treated muscles. A reduction in the Ca concentration of the surrounding medium markedly reduced the effectiveness of oxytocin. This decline in oxytocin potency was most pronounced in the estrogen-treated uteri.

scholarly journals Polylactic acid film versus acellular porcine small intestinal submucosa mesh in peritoneal adhesion formation in rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Gonçalves da Costa ◽  
Marcelo Betancort Lontra ◽  
Priscila Scalco ◽  
Leandro Totti Cavazzola ◽  
Richard Ricachenewski Gurski
Keyword(s):  
Polypropylene Mesh ◽  
Rupture Strength ◽  
Adhesion Formation ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Peritoneal Adhesions ◽  
Barrier Methods ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Intestinal Submucosa ◽  
Group 1

PURPOSE: To assess intraperitoneal adhesion formation in rats after the single implantation of intraperitoneal polypropylene mesh versus SIS mesh, and the effect of PAF as a polypropylene mesh barrier. METHODS: A total of 55 albino rats randomized into three groups were assessed. The type of adhesions, the percentage of mash covered with adhesions, and the rupture strength of the adhesions were evaluated. RESULTS: The type 2 and 3 adhesions were more frequent in group 1 (polypropylene mesh) and group 3 (Polypropylene+PAF), while type 0 and 1 adhesions were more frequent in group 2 (SIS). The mean rupture strength was 1,58 N (±0,719N) in group 1, 0,42 N (±0,432N) in group 2 and 1,23 N (±0,432N) in group 3. Over 50% of the mash was covered with adhesions in 12 (80%) cases of the group 1, in 4 (20%) cases of the group 2 and in 16 (84,2%) cases of the group 3. Group 2 differed significantly (p<0.001) from the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Implantation of intraperitoneal polypropylene mesh yielded higher rates of adhesion and the use of PAF as a mesh barrier didn't reduced the rates of adhesion. SIS mesh implantation revealed lower rates of peritoneal adhesions.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBERIAN SUSU BEKATUL TERHADAP KONSENTRASI KOLESTEROL DAN TRIGLISERIDAPADA TIKUS PUTIH WISTAR DIABETES

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Husnul Khatimah ◽  
Saifuddin Sirajuddin ◽  
Zainal Zainal
Keyword(s):  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRACT In diabetics there is usually an increase in free fatty acids in the blood and increases the concentration of cholecerols and triglycerides, this condition is called diabetes dyshidemia. This study aimed to find out at the effect of bran milk treatment on the changes of the concetration of cholesterol and triglycerides in diabetetic white wistar rats. Conducted on May 15 until 15 August 2018. Experimental research pre-post test with control design. Subjects of twenty wistar white rats were made diabetic by injecting alloxan 140mg / kg. After being declared diabetic, the rats were divided into four groups, namely group 1 (negative control), group 2 (positive control), group 3 (bran milk 0.54g / 200 gr) and group 4 (bran milk 1.08g / 200gr). The intervention was given for fourteen days. The data analysis used the paired T-test to test the subject before and afterthe treatment and the One-Way ANOVA test was used to test the difference between the groups. The research results indicated that  the treatment with bran milk there were no significant differences in cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the four groups. But when viewed from changes before and after the intervention showed that group 4 (bran milk 1.08g / 200gr) decreased cholesterol concentration and in group 3 (bran milk 0.54g / 200gr) a decrease in triglycerides was better than group 1 (control negative) and group 2 (positive control). It was concluded that the administration of bran milk can reduce the concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides in wistar diabetic white rats.Keywords : Bran milk, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Rats, Diabetic

scholarly journals Centella Asiatica Extracts Regulates Aluminium Chloride-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats: Impact on Inflammation, Apoptosis and Biogenic Amine Levels

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Shaik Amjad ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Centella Asiatica ◽  
Aluminium Chloride ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Group 1

investigate the therapeutic potential of CA against chronic Aluminium Chloride (AlCl3) exposure induced rats. Wistar albino rats were segregated into four groups: group 1-control rats, group 2-rats received AlCl3 (300 mg/kg body weight, every day orally) for 60 days, rats in group 3-received CA (500 mg/kg body weight, orally) and group 4 rats were initiated with both AlCl3 and CA treatment.

scholarly journals Potentiation of general anaesthetic activity of ketamine by memantine

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
M. S. Umamageswari ◽  
K. Vasanthan ◽  
T. M. Karthikeyan
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Sleep Latency ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
General Anaesthetic ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
Latency Time ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background: The study was done with the objective to evaluate synergistic activity of ketamine induced general anesthesia by memantine in wistar albino rats.Methods: The wistar albino rats of either sex were divided into four groups of five animals. Group 1 received ketamine 40 mg/kg, group 2 received ketamine 80 mg/kg, group 3 received ketamine 40 mg/kg along with memantine 10 mg/kg and group 4 received 80 mg of ketamine along with memantine 10 mg/kg to evaluate the synergistic activity of ketamine induced general anesthesia by memantine. The sleep latency time and duration of sleep were measured in all the groups.Results: The sleep latency time of group 4 is significantly decreased (p<0.001) compared to all other groups. The duration of sleep of group 4 is significantly increased (p<0.001) compared to group 1 and group 3, but less than that of group 1.Conclusions: Memantine possess synergistic activity of ketamine induced general anaesthesia.

Effects of estrogen and progesterone on single uterine muscle fibers in the rat

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (4) ◽  
pp. 935-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean M. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Estradiol Benzoate ◽  
Resting Potential ◽  
Uterine Muscle ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Ovariectomized white rats were treated as follows: group 1, 6.0 µg estradiol benzoate daily for 5 days; group 2, 6.0 µg estradiol for 3 days, then 1.6 µg estradiol plus 12 mg progesterone for 5 days; group 3, untreated controls. Membrane potentials were recorded from single uterine fibers, tension from the entire uterus. Untreated control fibers were quiescent, having a mean resting potential of 35.2 mv. Estrogen-dominated fibers were rhythmically contractile and had a mean resting potential of 57.6 mv. A train of action potentials accompanied and preceded each contraction of the muscle. In certain areas the fibers showed pacemaker-like characteristics, i.e. slow membrane depolarization between action potentials. Progesterone-dominated fibers had significantly higher resting potentials, mean 63.8 mv, but no localized pacemaker areas. Action potentials did not consistently precede or accompany contractions. In groups 1 and 2, acetylcholine stimulated contractions, lowered the membrane potential and increased the discharge rate of action potentials. Epinephrine diminished contractions, raised the membrane potential and abolished the action potential discharge.

scholarly journals An approach to treatment modalities of keloids: a comparative study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Sweta S. Parmar ◽  
Avani Modi
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Triamcinolone Acetonide ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Complete Clearance ◽  
Limited Efficacy ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Group 1

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> In spite of the presence of such an array of treatment modalities, none of these can be claimed to be an ideal treatment option as most of them have limited efficacy, significant side effects or increased chances of recurrence. Hence the study was undertaken to search an ideal treatment for keloids which is safe, effective, and with low rate of recurrence.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Total of 200 patients were recruited out of which only 160 patients were included in study. The patients were divided into three groups and administered with different modes of treatment. Patients in all the groups were followed up at 3 weekly intervals for evaluation of response. At the end of the study, the data was compiled and analysed using appropriate statistical tests.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> In only 32 patients completed study in group 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Group 1, 2 and 3 were more or less equally efficacious with clearance rate. Complete clearance was seen in 24 patients in group 1 patients, in group 2 there were 22 patients with complete clearance and in group 3 there were 24 patients.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Intralesional triamcinolone acetonide, intralesional triamcinolone acetonide with hyaluronidase and intralesional radiofrequency with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide are almost equally effective modalities for the treatment of keloids. But, intralesional triamcinolone acetonide with hyaluronidase fares better than other two as far as safety is concerned with least side effects.</p><p class="after-h2"> </p>

scholarly journals Biochemical and histological effects of ethanolic extracts of fruits of Xylopia aethiopica and seeds and leaves of Piper guineense on liver and kidney function in male albino rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinedu Imo ◽  
Kayode Adebisi Arowora ◽  
Chukwuma Stephen Ezeonu ◽  
Joseph Ikwebe ◽  
Ojochenemi Ejeh Yakubu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Function ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Piper Guineense ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Xylopia Aethiopica ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background The fruits of Xylopia aethiopica and seeds and leaves of Piper guineense are commonly used as spices. Due to their wide use in nutrition and traditional medicine, there is need to examine the biochemical and histological effects of ethanolic extracts of fruits of Xylopia aethiopica and seeds and leaves of Piper guineense on liver and kidney function in male albino rats. The test animals (groups 2, 3 and 4) received 100 mg/kg each of the corresponding extract for 21 days. Group 1 served as normal control and received a placebo of normal saline. The animals were later fasted overnight, sacrificed and their blood collected through cardiac puncture for biochemical indices. Results AST activity decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in rats of group 2 compared to the normal control; ALP decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in animals of group 3; while ALT increased significantly (p < 0.05) in group 4. The concentrations of urea and potassium showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) in animals of group 3. Creatinine increased significantly (p < 0.05) in group 2. Concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin, sodium and chlorides in the test animals did not show any significant alteration. WBC count increased significantly (p < 0.05) in rats of group 3 and non-significantly (p > 0.05) in groups 2 and 4. PCV increased significantly in rats of group 4 and non-significantly in groups 2 and 3. RBC count and Hb levels increased non-significantly (p > 0.05) in all the test groups compared to group 1. The histoarchitectural states of the liver and kidneys showed no apparent alteration by the different extracts. Conclusion The extracts have no apparent toxic effect on the liver and kidneys of the experimental rats, although fruits’ extract of Xylopia aethiopica showed possibility of exhibiting mild liver toxicity.

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