scholarly journals A study on treatment outcomes in MDR-TB patients on long term regimen in West Godavari district

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 266
Author(s):  
Gedela Vasavi ◽  
Banerji Neerugatti ◽  
Chiranjeevi Uday Kumar ◽  
Hari Jagannadha Rao
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Institutional Ethics ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Ethical Committee Approval ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Chi Square Test

Background: MDR-TB is defined as a TB patient whose biological specimen is resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin with or without resistant to other first line drugs, based on results from quality assured laboratory. The main aim of this study was to study the treatment outcomes of longer regimen for MDR-TB patients.Methods: This is a retrospective observational cohort study. After obtaining ethical committee approval from Institutional ethics committee, data was collected from district TB centre from 2011-2016. Outcomes of a regimen is measured in terms of cured, treatment completed, number of defaulters, treatment failure, number of patients shifted to XDR-TB regimen, number of patients died for patients on longer regimen of MDR-TB. The collected data was entered in Microsoft excel 2007 and analysed using SPSS version 20 software.Results: Out of 211 patients, 167 were males and 44 were females. The total numbers of patients registered from rural areas were 123 and from urban areas were 88. The association between geographical distribution and treatment outcome was measured using Chi-square test and X2=12.1026, p=0.0005 which was significant. Out of 211 patients registered, 87 (41.2%) were cured of disease, 55 (26%) died, 2 (0.9%) patients shifted to XDR. 18 (8.5%) patients were defined as defaulters and 2 (0.9%) patients were defined as treatment failures.Conclusions: Our study findings have indicated that treatment outcomes in drug resistant TB may be influenced by rural and urban distribution.

scholarly journals The Difference of Sodium Intake, Physical Activities and Psychological Problems of Patients Suffering from Hypertension in Rural and Urban Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Heny Suseani Pangastuti ◽  
Melyza Perdana ◽  
Dewi Agustina Wati ◽  
Hatifah Ihsanda Tien Melati ◽  
Rizki Latifah
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Community Health Center ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Difference

Introduction: The patients suffering from hypertension require treatment to prevent the complications by performing both pharmacological and non-pharmacological hypertension management. This research aims at revealing the difference of sodium intake, physical activities, and psychological problems in patients suffering from hypertension in rural and urban areas. Methods: This descriptive-quantitative research employs a cross sectional design. The research was conducted at Gondokusuman Community Health Center 1 as the representation from the urban areas and Cangkringan Community Health Center as the representation from the rural areas. There were 81 patients from rural areas and 74 from urban areas. Data were collected using a consecutive sampling technique with Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ), Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale 42 (DASS 42). The data analysis was conducted using both chi-square test and independent t-test. Results: The result of independent t-test for sodium intake was at p = 0.669 (p > 0.005). The result of analysis using chi-square test for physical activity was at p = 0.000 (p < 0.05). The result of analysis using chi-square test for depression level is at p = 0.964 (p > 0.05), anxiety level at p = 0.005 (p < 0.05) and stress level at p = 0.846 (p > 0.05). Conclusions: There are some differences in physical activities and anxiety levels in patients suffering from hypertension in rural and urban areas.

scholarly journals Differences in Sociodemographic Characteristics of Schizophrenia Patients between Rural and Urban Areas in Badung Regency

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
Ni Made Setiawati
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Chi Square Test

Several studies have found differences in the incidence of schizophrenia in rural and urban areas. Most of the studies found that schizophrenia incidence was higher in urban areas. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in sociodemographic characteristics of schizophrenic patients according to rural or urban conditions in their homes. An observational, cross-sectional analytic, study conducted. The sample in this study were 503 people who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia recorded at community health centres in Badung Regency until October 2019. Sociodemographic data of patients were observed and then grouped according to the residence of rural or urban patients. Chi-square test with a significant value of P <0.005 used to analyze the result. The proportion of schizophrenia is higher in urban than in rural areas (61.1%: 38.9%). There are differences in the incidence of men and women in villages and cities (p = 0.011), differences in rural and educational events low whereas in urban areas on the contrary (P <0.0001). More schizophrenic patients do not work and live in cities than in villages (p = 0.002) and that people who are not married and live in cities suffer more schizophrenia (p = 0.014), only the age group variable was no difference (p = 0.14). The incidence of schizophrenia is higher in urban areas with differences in characteristics found in variables of gender, education level, employment status and marital status. Thus, can be an input to the health department and staff so that psychological education and screening are more directed at urban communities.   Keywords: Schizophrenia, rural, urban sociodemography  

scholarly journals Assessment of Cryptosporidium in Patients With Gastroenteritis by Modified Ziehl-Neelsen Staining Method in East Azerbaijan Province of Iran During 2018-2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Alireza Javidmehr ◽  
Yagoob Garedaghi ◽  
Amir Babak Sioufi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
East Azerbaijan

Introduction: Cryptosporidiosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease that is caused by Cryptosporidium species and leads to acute or chronic diarrhea and vomiting in patients. Due to the suitable conditions of East Azerbaijan province for parasite transmission, the present study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in patients with gastroenteritis referred to hospitals and reference laboratories of East Azerbaijan province during 2018-2019. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on patients with diarrhea who referred to hospitals and reference laboratories of East Azerbaijan province during 2018-2019. In this study, 180 fecal samples were collected from patients with gastroenteritis by cluster-random sampling. Stool samples were stored in 10% formalin and transferred to a parasitology laboratory and examined for parasite contamination by modified acid-fast staining (Modified Ziehl-Neelsen) method. Data were analyzed by chi-square test using SPSS. Results: Out of 180 samples, the highest number of diarrhea samples belonged to the age group over 40 years (35.5%) and the lowest belonged to the age group of 10-20 years (7.7%). Additionally, 56% of subjects were male and 44% were female. Of these patients, 57.7% lived in urban areas and 42.3% in rural areas. Cryptosporidium was observed in 1.6% (3 cases) of patients with gastroenteritis. There was a statistically significant relationship between Cryptosporidium infection and the age of patients with diarrhea (P<0.05). Conclusion: In the present study, a lower prevalence of cryptosporidiosis has been determined in comparison with previous studies in East Azerbaijan province. However, Cryptosporidium and other parasitic infections in the feces of patients with diarrhea referred to hospitals or reference laboratories need to be carefully diagnosed by appropriate parasitological methods.

scholarly journals The Misconception of Antibiotic Equal to an Anti-Inflammatory Drug Promoting Antibiotic Misuse among Chinese University Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiyi Wang ◽  
Xiaomin Wang ◽  
Yanhong Jessika Hu ◽  
Dan Wu ◽  
Jingjing Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inflammatory Drug ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Massive misuse of antibiotics is one of the most important reasons for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Misconceptions of antibiotics contribute to antibiotic misuse behaviors. This study aims to examine whether university students hold the misconception that Antibiotic is a Xiaoyanyao (literally means anti-inflammatory drug in Chinese), and association between this misconception and antibiotic misuse behaviors. A cross-sectional study was conducted among university students using the cluster random sampling method in six universities of six regions in China (one university per region). The Chi-square test was used to assess the relationship between the misconception and antibiotic misuse behaviors. Logistic regression was conducted to identify the risk factors for antibiotic misuse behaviors. 11,192 of university students completed the entire questionnaire. There were 3882 (34.7%) students who were considered to have the misconception. Female students were more likely to have the misconception compared with males (36.7% vs. 32.6%, P < 0.001). Those students with a background of social science/humanities were more likely to have the misconception compared with those from science and medicine (44.1% vs. 30.3% vs. 20.1%, P < 0.001). Students came from rural areas compared with those from urban areas (37.5% vs. 32.5%, P < 0.001) were more likely to have the misconception. Students who had the misconception were 1.51 (95% CI 1.21–1.89, P < 0.001) times, 1.34 (95% CI 1.21–1.48, P < 0.001) times, and 1.36 (95% CI 1.24–1.50, P < 0.001) times more likely to report self-medication, request to obtain antibiotics, and take antibiotics prophylactically than those who did not have this misconception, respectively. The high proportion of university students' misconception on Antibiotic is a Xiaoyanyao is worth more attention. Effective health education and interventions need to be promoted among university students and the whole population.

Lonomia envenomation in Brazil: an epidemiological overview for the period 2007–2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marília Melo Favalesso ◽  
Pablo Fernando Cuervo ◽  
Milena Gisela Casafús ◽  
Ana Tereza Bittencourt Guimarães ◽  
Maria Elisa Peichoto
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Spatial Scan Statistic ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Disease Information ◽  
Epidemiological Risk ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Epidemiological Profile

Abstract Background Among the Lepidoptera with medical importance in Brazil, larvae of Lonomia moth (Saturniidae: Hemileucinae) stand out by being the etiological agent of the lonomism, a form of erucism in which the most troubling symptoms include systemic hemorrhage that can lead to death. Methods This study provides an epidemiological overview of accident notifications with Lonomia registered by the Brazilian Reportable Disease Information System (SINAN) between 2007 and 2018. The categories of sociodemographic aspects of the victim, accident characteristics, and clinical data (6,636 records) were analysed by the chi-square test for goodness of fit (α=0.05). By the same test, accident frequencies by month, year, and state were also compared. To explore the spatial distribution of notifications and to identify significant space-time and purely spatial clusters, a spatial scan statistic (SaTScan) was used. Results The epidemiological profile of most of the victims had at least one of the following characteristics: male, &gt;50 y of age, ethnically classified as white, and with a low level of education. Accidents in urban areas were as frequent as in rural areas. A higher frequency of non-work-related accidents was detected. Victims were mostly stung on the upper limbs. Most victims received medical care within the first 3 h after the accident. Most cases were classified as mild, although 12 deaths were reported. The south states of Brazil concentrate the highest frequencies of notifications. Summer was the season with the greatest number of cases, and the majority of the notifications occurred between 2017 and 2018. Conclusion These results provide an overall and current situation assessment of the lonomism in Brazil, and they should enable health authorities to improve the management of this envenomation in states/regions that share the high epidemiological risk of exposure to Lonomia.

scholarly journals SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF EDUCATION AND REDUCTION IN FAMILY SIZE IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA-PAKISTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-172
Author(s):  
Muhammad Jawad ◽  
Aman Ullah ◽  
Saima Sarir ◽  
Seema Zubair ◽  
Alamgeer Khan
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Chi Square Test

Purpose of the study: The present study examines the association between education and reduction in family size in district Peshawar. Methodology: The results are based on the data gathered from 384 sampled respondents belonging to 6 communities that included 3 each from rural and urban areas of District Peshawar. The chi-square test was applied for statistical analysis. Main Findings: The study found a positive trend among the sampled families towards the decrease in family size which found the norm in the selected area where many respondents were still considering a large number of children as the blessing of Almighty Allah. The major role this regard was played by the education of the sampled respondents through generating more awareness about small family size along with increased exposure to norms favoring a decrease in family size. It was also influenced by more communication among the sampled couples. The education further enabled the sampled respondents to get more information about family planning and the institutions designed to promote family planning in Pakistan. It ultimately motivated the respondents to use contraceptives to decrease family size. Applications of this study: The study recommends promoting and enhancing the trend through a campaign for bringing a change in the attitude and action of the people towards making a family size required for the country. The originality of this study: This study will be helpful for policy Implications.  

scholarly journals Epidemiologic Trends of Viral Skin Infections in Egypt: A Cross-Sectional Hospital-Based Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Ramadan Saleh ◽  
Essam Nada ◽  
Ahmed F. Hamed ◽  
Wesam M. Hussien
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
P Value ◽  
Skin Infections ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dermatology Clinic ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
History Of

Viral skin infections (VSIs) were ranked among the top 50 prevalent diseases in 2010. The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiologic features of VSIs in patients attending a dermatology clinic in Egypt from June 2010 to May 2011. Patient’s residence, occupation, housing data, and family history of similar conditions were recorded. Categorical data were recorded as frequencies and percentages and were compared by Chi square test. P value < 0.05 was significant. Diagnosis of VSIs was made in 1000/20322 (4.9%) patients. Out of the 1000 patients with VSIs, 580 (58.0%) were residents of rural areas and 420 (42.0%) were residents of urban areas (p = 0.02). Out of the 1000 patients, 489 (48.9%) were females and 511 (51.1%) were males (p = 0.25). The breakdown of 1000 patients with VSIs indicated diagnosis of viral warts in 673 (67.3%), chickenpox (CP) in 200 (20.0%), herpes simplex (HS) facialis in 50 (5.0%), herpes zoster (HZ) in 42 (4.2%), molluscum contagiosum (MC) in 27 (2.7%.0), and anogenital warts in 8 (0.8%) cases. Overcrowding (sharing a bedroom by more than 3 persons) was recorded in 652/1000 (65.2%) of the patients with VSIs [165/200 (82.5.3%) in CP, 36/50 (72%) in HS facials, 427/673 (63.4%) in viral warts, 14/27 (51.9%) in MC, and 10/42 (23.8%) in HZ]. Family history of a similar condition was positive in 329/1000 (32.9%) of the patients with VSIs [142/200 (71.0%) in CP, 177/673 (26.3%) in viral warts, 5/27 (18.5%) in MC, and 4/50 (8%) in HS facialis]. In conclusion, viral warts and CP were the commonest VSIs diagnosed in patients who attended a dermatology clinic in Egypt. Viral skin infections were more prevalent among patients who lived in rural areas and under crowded conditions. These data may have important public health implications particularly in developing countries.

scholarly journals Dental Appearance-A Survey of Attitudes in Rural and Urban Children

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
PK Lakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Children ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Dental Appearance ◽  
Definite Difference ◽  
Level Of Significance

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to determine attitude of children towards their dental appearance and to compare same among rural and urban areas of Dakshina Kannada District Karnataka, India. Methods A total population from 2 randomly selected schools (urban-522 and rural- 498) comprising of 1020 children between the age group of 8yrs - 14yrs were provided with questionare containing objective questions to be filled by them . Chi-square test was used to analyze the data. The level of significance was set at P<0.05. Results Significant difference was noticed in the attitudes towards their dental appearance among rural and urban children of Dakshina Kannada district (p=<0.001). Girls were more bothered about esthetics than boys both in rural and urban regions. A definite difference in the attitude was found between rural girls and boys and also between rural and urban boys. Conclusion Within the limitations of this study it can be concluded that attitudes of children towards their dental appearance differ in rural and urban areas in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka, India.

Transparency and effective e-Governance: a case of telecentres in the Indian State of Karnataka

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Shankar Iyer ◽  
Subba Rao R.N.
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Government ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Questionnaire Method

Purpose It is the responsibility of any government to ensure efficient, transparent and reliable services to the common man through telecentres. The purpose of this study is to take into account the influence of people and process on transparency that leads to effective e-governance. Design/methodology/approach This study involved collecting data through questionnaire method from 400 citizens who visited the telecentres. Data were analysed by conducting chi-square test and independent sample t-test, and it was found that there exists significant influence of location on transparency. Findings The current study reiterates the fact from literature that transparency in transactions enables effective e-governance. Beneficiaries perceive that people and processes have influence on transparency. Research limitations/implications The research adds up to the literature in establishing that there exist differentials among the rural and urban population with respect to transparency. Results could be skewed, as there could be an impact of population density across urban and rural areas. Practical implications This study brings out a framework and an action plan for the government to implement and ensure transparency in processes leading to effective e-governance. Social implications The action plan ensures transparency in service delivery leading to effective e-governance. Increased transparency empowers citizens with increased trustworthiness towards services delivered through telecentres. Originality/value This paper fulfils the need for an action plan to assure citizens to use deliveries through telecentres with better transparency. The aspect of transparency is not being studied in the present context of service delivery by the government authorities in India. Moreover, the influence of transparency on e-governance is also under-explored.

scholarly journals Urban-Rural Disparities in Treatment Outcomes Among Recurrent TB Cases in Zambia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Mutembo ◽  
Jane Namangolwa Mutanga ◽  
Kebby Musokotwane ◽  
Cuthbert Kanene ◽  
Kevin Dobbin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Directly Observed Therapy ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Therapy Strategy ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Urban Rural

Abstract Setting Southern province, Zambia. Background At least 13 – 20% of all Tuberculosis (TB) cases are recurrent TB. Recurrent TB patients have high risk of Multi-Drug Resistant TB (MDR-TB). Objective To estimate the prevalence of recurrent TB among TB cases and compare risk of unfavorable treatment outcomes between rural and urban settings. Methods In a retrospective cohort study, we used mixed effects logistic regression to asses associations between explanatory and outcome variables. Primary outcome was all-cause mortality and exposure was setting (rural/urban). Results Overall 3,566 recurrent TB cases were diagnosed among 25,533 TB patients. The prevalence of recurrent TB was 15.3% in urban and 11.3% in rural areas. Death occurred in 197 (5.5%), 103 (2.9%) were lost to follow (LTFU), and 113 (3.2%) failed treatment. Rural settings had 70% higher risk of death (aOR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2 2.7). Risk of LTFU was twice higher in rural than urban (aOR: 2.0 95% CI: 1.3 3.0). Compared to HIV-uninfected, HIV-infected individuals on Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) were 70% more likely to die (aOR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2 3.1). Conclusion Recurrent TB prevalence was generally high in both urban and rural settings. The risk of mortality and LTFU was higher among rural patients. We recommend a well-organized Directly Observed Therapy strategy adapted to setting.

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