scholarly journals Anti NMDA receptor encephalitis: a potentially treatable encephalitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1624
Author(s):  
Archana K. M. ◽  
Sushma Save ◽  
Koppikar Rahul Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptor ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalitis ◽  
Ivig Therapy ◽  
Receptor Subunit ◽  
Nmda Receptor Subunit ◽  
Nmda Receptor Encephalitis ◽  
Autonomic Instability ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion ◽  
Age Range

Anti NMDA receptor encephalitis is autoimmune encephalitis where antibodies are directed against NMDA receptor subunit. It represents a new category of immune-mediated disorder that is often paraneoplastic, presenting with neuropsychiatric symptoms, which is treatable and can be diagnosed serologically affecting both children and adults. Patient can have variable clinical presentation ranging from prodromal illness, neuropsychiatric symptoms, seizures, autonomic instability, hyperkinesias, catatonia, hypoventilation and with or without an associated teratoma. A positive serum or CSF sample screening for antibodies to the NMDA receptor subunit is confirmative. Supportive findings include CSF study, EEG and MRI Brain. The first-line therapies includes IVIG, corticosteroids or plasma exchange. Second line immunotherapy is rituximab or cyclophosphamide or both. Given the high mortality rate (up to 25%), the likelihood of presentation across the age range and the potential for treatment, a high index of suspicion is warranted by clinicians. Authors report a case of a 5 year old child with anti NMDA receptor encephalitis who responded well to IVIG therapy.

A narrative review of pharmacologic approaches to symptom management of pediatric patients diagnosed with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Vova
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptor ◽  
Symptom Management ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalitis ◽  
Nmda Receptor Encephalitis ◽  
Aspartate Receptor ◽  
Autonomic Instability

Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis (ANMDARE) is one of the most common autoimmune encephalitis in the pediatric population. Patients with ANMDARE initially present with a prodrome of neuropsychiatric symptoms followed by progressively worsening seizures, agitation, and movement disorders. Complications can include problems such as aggression, insomnia, catatonia, and autonomic instability. Due to the complexity of this disease process, symptom management can be complex and may lead to significant polypharmacy. The goal of this review is to educate clinicians about the challenges of managing this disorder and providing guidance in symptom management.

scholarly journals RARE-36. BORTEZOMIB WOKE UP A PATIENT WITH ANTI-NMDA RECEPTOR ENCEPHALITIS REFRACTORY TO STANDARD THERAPY AND LONG TERM FOLLOW-UP

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. vi229-vi229
Author(s):  
Kong Xiao-Tang ◽  
Leonid Groysman ◽  
Cyrus Dastur ◽  
Beverly Fu ◽  
Daniela Bota
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptor ◽  
Standard Therapy ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalitis ◽  
Ivig Therapy ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
Nmda Receptor Encephalitis ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
One Year

Abstract OBJECTIVE To report a case with refractory NMDA encephalitis in comatose for 18 months, who was treated successfully with bortezomib. BACKGROUND Anti-NMDA encephalitis is a rare autoimmune encephalitis. Standard therapy include corticosteroid, IVIG or plasma exchange, cyclophosphamide, rituximab, and tumor removal. Refractory cases are very severe and often stay in ICU on ventilation for several months to years. Bortezomib for the treatment of refractory anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis was reported. We have applied the treatment to our refractory case and successfully woke up the patient. And we have followed up the patient for 3 years. METHODS Case report. RESULTS A 40 yo male was diagnosed as anti-NMDA encephalitis. Standard therapy was applied. After stabilization, the patient was eventually discharged to ICU at a long term care subacute hospital. The patient was brought back for more Rituxan or steroid or IVIG therapy. The condition had not improved at all. Eighteen months in comatose, the patient had worsening NMDA titer in CSF to 1:640. Decision was made to start bortezumib as reported with modification: 1.3 mg/m2 bortezomib were administered on days 1, 8, 11 and 14 and allowed two weeks off therapy. After first cycle, the patent started to talk first word “hurt.” After 6 cycles, the patient sat up and started riding bicycles for physical therapy. The NMDA titer in CSF was reduced to 1:40 at the end of 6 cycles. One year later, the patent stood up and ambulated with a walker. One and half year later, the patient walks without assistance and his speech and cognition have significantly improved with good communication with family members and staff. CONCLUSIONS Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib might be considered to be the third line therapy as early as possible if the first line and second line are ineffective to treat anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.

scholarly journals Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis in a Patient with Previous Psychosis and Neurological Abnormalities: A Diagnostic Challenge

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. David Heekin ◽  
Maria C. Catalano ◽  
Alfred T. Frontera ◽  
Glenn Catalano
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptor ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Manic Symptoms ◽  
Nmda Receptor Encephalitis ◽  
Autonomic Instability ◽  
Receptor Antibodies

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by IgG autoantibodies directed against the NR1 subunit of the NMDA glutamate receptor. Psychiatric symptoms are common and include psychosis, mania, depressed mood, aggression, and speech abnormalities. Neurological symptoms such as seizures, decreased responsiveness, dyskinesias, and other movement abnormalities and/or autonomic instability are frequently seen as well. We present the case of a woman who was followed up at our facility for over 14 years for the treatment of multiple neuropsychiatric symptoms. Initially, she presented with paresthesias, memory loss, and manic symptoms. Nine years later, she presented to our facility again, this time with left sided numbness, left eyelid droop, and word finding difficulties. Finally, five years later, she presented with manic symptoms, hallucinations, and memory impairment. During her hospitalization, she subsequently developed catatonic symptoms and seizures. During her stay, it was discovered that she was positive for anti-NMDA receptor antibodies and her symptoms responded well to appropriate therapy. This case demonstrates that it may be useful for clinicians to consider screening for anti-NMDA receptor antibodies in long-term patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms that have not adequately responded to therapy.

scholarly journals Clinical case of encephalitis with antibodies to NMDA receptors

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-69
Author(s):  
L. U. Ulukhanova ◽  
N. S. Karnayeva ◽  
M. M. Yaraliev ◽  
A. G. Gadzhimirzaevа ◽  
S. G. Agaevа
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptor ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalitis ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Nmda Receptor Encephalitis ◽  
General Weakness ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Nr2 Subunits

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system caused by autoantibodies to the NR1 and NR2 subunits of the glutamate NMDA receptor, with the possibility of both death and rapid remission. The binding of these antibodies blocks receptors and causes slowly developing psychiatric disorders, motor disorders and seizures.Presented clinical observation in a 9-year-old patient. The disease debuted with prodromal flu-like symptoms, fever, headache and general weakness, after which neuropsychiatric symptoms, impaired memory and speech developed, further progression of the disease, convulsive status, and coma with a fatal outcome were noted. The final diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis was made after identification of antibodies to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the blood.

scholarly journals Molecular mimicry of NMDA receptors may contribute to neuropsychiatric symptoms in severe COVID-19 cases

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Vasilevska ◽  
Paul C. Guest ◽  
Hans-Gert Bernstein ◽  
Matthias L. Schroeter ◽  
Christian Geis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptor ◽  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Auditory Hallucination ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalitis ◽  
Altered Mental Status ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Nmda Receptor Encephalitis

AbstractApproximately 30% of individuals with severe SARS-CoV-2 infections also develop neurological and psychiatric complaints. In rare cases, the occurrence of autoimmune encephalitis has been reported after SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this systematic review, we have identified eight SARS-CoV-2-associated cases of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. All had cerebrospinal fluid antibodies against the NMDA receptor and a recent onset of working memory deficits, altered mental status, or psychiatric symptoms, such as confusion, agitation, auditory hallucination, catatonia and speech dysfunction. All patients received high-dose steroid and immunoglobulin therapeutics and conditions improved in each case. These findings suggest that clinical attention should be paid to warning signs of autoimmune encephalitis in severe COVID-19 cases. If characteristic features of autoimmune encephalitis are present, autoantibody diagnostics should be performed and confirmed cases should be treated with immunotherapy to minimize neurological impairments.

scholarly journals Case Report: Daratumumab in a Patient With Severe Refractory Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominica Ratuszny ◽  
Thomas Skripuletz ◽  
Florian Wegner ◽  
Matthias Groß ◽  
Christine Falk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptor ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalitis ◽  
Intravenous Immunoglobulins ◽  
Nmda Receptor Encephalitis ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Therapy Strategies

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is the most common type of antibody mediated autoimmune encephalitis (AIE). Patients often develop neuropsychiatric symptoms and seizures, women are affected about four times more than men, and in about 50% the disease is associated with a neoplasia, especially teratomas of the ovary. We describe the case of a 20-year-old woman suffering from a severe therapy refractory course of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Treatment included glucocorticoids, plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulins, rituximab, and bortezomib without clinical improvement. Due to a therapy refractive course 28 weeks after disease onset, the patient received 10 cycles of daratumumab. Therapy escalation was performed with the anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody daratumumab as off label treatment, based on the therapy of refractory myeloma and led to an improvement of her clinical status. She spent about 200 days on the intensive care unit, followed by several weeks on the intermediate care unit with close follow ups every 4–6 weeks afterward. During follow-up, the patient was able to resume everyday and self-care activities, reflected by the modified Rankin scale (mRS) and Barthel index. Because this disease is potentially life threatening and can lead to irreversible brain atrophy, development of further therapy strategies are of great importance. Our case describes a successful treatment for therapy refractory anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis using the anti-CD38 antibody daratumumab.

Electroacupuncture ameliorates CUMS-induced depression-like behavior: involvement of the glutamatergic system and apoptosis in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Guo ◽  
Xian-Ming Lin ◽  
Zhong Di ◽  
Quan-Ai Zhang ◽  
Shuo Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptor ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Sucrose Preference ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Receptor Subunit ◽  
Glutamatergic System ◽  
Ionotropic Receptor ◽  
Nmda Receptor Subunit ◽  
Expression Levels

Background: Converging evidence indicates that glutamatergic system and glia are directly implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. Clinical studies indicate that electroacupuncture (EA) has antidepressant-like effect with low side effects for depression. However, the underlying antidepressant mechanism of acupuncture remains obscure. Methods: Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depressive rats were used to induce depressive-like behavior, and evaluated by the weight change, open field test, sucrose preference test, and novelty suppressed feeding test. EA, NMDA receptor subunit 2A antagonist (NR2A RA) or NMDA receptor subunit 2B antagonist (NR2B RA) was used for comparison. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to detect the content of hippocampal glutamate, while western blot for the hippocampal protein expression levels of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), Bax, caspase 3 and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). The distribution of glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A (NR2A), neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN), glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2B (NR2B) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were detected by immunofluorescence. Results: Significant depression behavior (reduced body weight and sucrose preference, increased feeding and immobility time) was produced in CUMS-induced depressive rats, which was reversed significantly by EA. EA decreased hippocampal glutamate level. EA led to a significant decrease in expression levels of Bax, caspase 3 and CaMKⅡ accompanied by increased Bcl-2 expression level. Furthermore, EA significantly increased NR2A expression level as well as decreased NR2B expression level in hippocampus. Conclusion: EA ameliorated depression-like behavior in CUMS rats, which might be mediated, at least in part, by regulating the glutamate, NMDA receptors and apoptosis in the hippocampus.

scholarly journals Complete cognitive recovery in a severe case of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis treated with electroconvulsive therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. e233772
Author(s):  
Cæcilie Leding ◽  
Lisbet Marstrand ◽  
Anders Jorgensen
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptor ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Severe Case ◽  
Cognitive Outcome ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Nmda Receptor Encephalitis

Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis usually presents with prominent neuropsychiatric symptoms and many patients experience cognitive sequelae. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been suggested as a part of the treatment, particularly for catatonia, but concerns that ECT may worsen the cognitive function and long-term outcome may limit its use. We present a case of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis with severe neuropsychiatric manifestations including refractory catatonia and behavioural change. A pre-ECT neuropsychological assessment revealed dysfunction in multiple cognitive domains in spite of intensive pharmacological treatment. Twenty days after the ninth and last ECT treatment, the patient underwent the same neuropsychological tests, which showed normalised test results within all cognitive domains and no need of rehabilitation. The case demonstrates that the use of ECT in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis with severe pretreatment cognitive dysfunction can be associated with a highly favourable cognitive outcome.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document