Evaluate the relation between microalbuminuria and with other biochemical parameters related to complications of type 2 Diabetes

Background: Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) with microalbuminuria have increased risk of progression to overt proteinuria, and after some time, renal failure. It is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease as a sequalae of Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) and an independent risk factor for Cardio-Vascular Diseases (CVD). Initial finding for microalbuminuria can prevent long-term complications. The objective of the present investigation was to study the relation between microalbuminuria and with other biochemical parameters related to complications of T2D.Methods: This observational study was conducted among 150 T2D patients attending to the OPD, Department of General Medicine during the time period March 2018 to April 2019. The patients were interviewed for socio-demographic details, history and clinical examination and subjected to blood investigations and Electrocardiogram (ECG).Results: Microalbuminuria was present in 47(31.3%) of the diabetics. The age group 48-63 years 18(38.3%), male gender 33(70.2%) duration of diabetes >5 years 11(23.4%). The smokers, Diabetic Retinopathy, Peripheral Neuropathy, Ischemic Heart Disease, SBP 160-170 mmHg, DBP 95-100 mmHg and 100-105 mmHg, BMI 30-35 Kg/m2, TG >250 mg/dl, LDL >110 mg/ dl and HbA1c 7.5-9 % showed a greater odds ratio and significant association (p<0.001) with microalbuminuria.Conclusions: There was an increased prevalence of microalbuminuria among patients with T2D. It also showed a significant association of major microvascular and macrovascular complications of T2D and microalbuminuria.

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Renoprotective Effects of the Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin: A Review in Type 2 Diabetes

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2017/5164292 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Cristina Mega ◽

Edite Teixeira-de-Lemos ◽

Rosa Fernandes ◽

Flávio Reis

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 ◽

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitor ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Long Time ◽

Stage Renal Disease ◽

End Stage

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is now the single commonest cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide and one of the main causes of death in diabetic patients. It is also acknowledged as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Since sitagliptin was approved, many studies have been carried out revealing its ability to not only improve metabolic control but also ameliorate dysfunction in various diabetes-targeted organs, especially the kidney, due to putative underlying cytoprotective properties, namely, its antiapoptotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic properties. Despite overall recommendations, many patients spend a long time well outside the recommended glycaemic range and, therefore, have an increased risk for developing micro- and macrovascular complications. Currently, it is becoming clearer that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management must envision not only the improvement in glycaemic control but also, and particularly, the prevention of pancreatic deterioration and the evolution of complications, such as DN. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge in the field of renoprotective actions of sitagliptin, namely, improvement in diabetic dysmetabolism, hemodynamic factors, renal function, diabetic kidney lesions, and cytoprotective properties.

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Optimal Early Diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Addressing the Barriers to Albuminuria Testing

Journal of Primary Care & Community Health ◽

10.1177/21501327211003683 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 215013272110036

Author(s):

Elena A. Christofides ◽

Niraj Desai

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Diabetic Kidney Disease ◽

Urine Albumin ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Ckd Stage ◽

Stage Renal Disease ◽

End Stage ◽

Kidney Health

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with increased risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) is a sensitive and early indicator of kidney damage, which should be used routinely to accurately assess CKD stage and monitor kidney health. However, this test currently is performed in only a minority of patients with T2D. Here, we review the importance of albuminuria testing and current barriers that hinder patient access to UACR testing and describe solutions to such testing in a community clinical setting.

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Statin and Spirulina: Will it be an Effective combination in Management of Type 2 Diabetes and it’s Complications

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3563 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 6589-6594

Author(s):

Anand Vijaya Kumar P R ◽

Kokul Rajan P ◽

Seema A ◽

Balashanmugam K

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Vascular Diseases ◽

The Body ◽

Hmg Coa Reductase ◽

Blue Green Algae ◽

Reductase Inhibitors ◽

Cardio Vascular ◽

Coa Reductase

Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Type 2 diabetes results from the body’s ineffective use of insulin. Type 2 diabetes comprises most people with diabetes around the world and is associated with various complications such as diabetic , , nephropathy, cardio vascular diseases, depression, dementia, sexual dysfunction etc. classified as , or blue-green algae which has been used for centuries as a food source in other countries. is also being promoted to prevent, treat, or cure several conditions, including high cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, depression, viral hepatitis, and malnutrition. A few assertions have been tested, but most trials have been small, poorly designed, or inconclusive. Statins suppress the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase via pathway. The health advantage of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors is believed to expand behind their cholesterol lowering effects. Such effects of statins incorporate complimentary effects on endothelial function, systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. The above-mentioned effects were predicted to decrease the risk of diabetes, even though statins are supported by most patients, some study suggested it is affiliated with new onset of diabetes . Despite dispute discoveries, many studies suggest that different statins may relay distinct possibility of diabetes. The problem is, there's little or no scientific evidence to back up such claims. this review is under taken to the potential benefits if and statin in management of type 2 diabetes and its complications. Many previous studies were thoroughly, and it was found that combination of and statin is found to reduce the diabetes and its complications.

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Estrogen receptor 1 gene polymorphisms (PvuII and XbaI) are associated with type 2 diabetes in Palestinian women

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.7164 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. e7164 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Suheir Ereqat ◽

Stéphane Cauchi ◽

Khaled Eweidat ◽

Muawiyah Elqadi ◽

Abedelmajeed Nasereddin

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Estrogen Receptor ◽

Vascular Diseases ◽

Control Group ◽

Dominant Model ◽

Palestinian Women ◽

Cardio Vascular ◽

Palestinian Population ◽

Estrogen Receptor 1

Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial disease where both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its pathogenesis. The PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms of the estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) gene have been variably associated with T2DM in several populations. This association has not been studied in the Palestinian population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between the PvuII and XbaI variants in the ESR1 and T2DM and its related metabolic traits among Palestinian women. Methods This case–control study included 102 T2DM and 112 controls in which PvuII and XbaI variants of the ESR1 gene were genotyped using amplicon based next generation sequencing (NGS). Results Allele frequencies of both PvuII and XbaI variants were not significantly different between patients and control subjects (P > 0.05). In logestic regression analysis adjusted for age and BMI, the ESR1 PvuII variant was associated with risk of T2DM in three genotypic models (P < 0.025) but the strongest association was observed under over-dominant model (TT+CC vs. TC) (OR = 2.32, CI [1.18–4.55] adjusted P = 0.013). A similar but non-significant trend was also observed for the ESR1 XbaI variant under the over-dominant model (AA+GG vs. AG) (OR = 2.03, CI [1.05–3.95]; adjusted P = 0.035). The frequencies of the four haplotypes (TA, CG, CA, TG) were not significantly different in the T2DM patients compared with control group (P > 0.025). Among diabetic group, an inverse trend with risk of cardio vascular diseases was shown in carriers of CG haplotype compared to those with TA haplotype (OR = 0.28, CI [0.09–0.90]; adjusted P = 0.035). Further, stratified analyses based on ESR1 PvuII and XbaI genotypes revealed no evidence for association with lipid levels (TC, TG, HDL, LDL). Conclusions This is the first Palestinian study to conclude that ESR1 PuvII and XbaI variants may contribute to diabetes susceptibility in Palestinian women. Identification of genetic risk markers can be used in defining high risk subjects and in prevention trials.

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Association of Short Stature with An Increased Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

10.20944/preprints201912.0213.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Yu Ah Hong ◽

Kyung-Do Han ◽

Jae-Seung Yun ◽

Eun Sil Koh ◽

Seung-Hyun Ko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Short Stature ◽

End Stage Renal Disease ◽

Adult Height ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Increased Risk ◽

All Cause Mortality ◽

Stage Renal Disease ◽

End Stage

Short stature has been associated with increased various disease and all-cause death, but no reliable data exist the association between height and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in diabetic patients. We investigated the relationship between short stature, development of ESRD, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. This study analyzed clinical data using the National Health Insurance Database in Korea. Height was stratified by five groups according to age and sex. Risk of ESRD and all-cause mortality was analyzed with Cox proportional hazards models. During a 6.9-year follow-up period, 220,457 subjects (8.4%) died and 28,704 subjects (1.1%) started dialysis. Short stature significantly increased the incidence of ESRD and all-cause mortality in the overall cohort analysis. In multivariable analysis, hazard ratios (HR) for development of ESRD comparing the highest versus lowest quartiles of adult height were 0.86 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.83–0.89). All-cause mortality also decreased with highest height compared to patients with lowest height after fully adjusting for confounding variables (HR 0.79, 95% CI, 0.78–0.81). Adult height had an inverse relationship with newly diagnosed ESRD and all-cause in both males and females. Short stature is strongly associated with an increased risk of ESRD and all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes.

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Severe hypoglycemia and the risk of end stage renal disease in type 2 diabetes

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82838-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jae-Seung Yun ◽

Yong-Moon Park ◽

Kyungdo Han ◽

Hyung-Wook Kim ◽

Seon-Ah Cha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Renal Disease ◽

End Stage Renal Disease ◽

Severe Hypoglycemia ◽

National Health Insurance System ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Baseline Evaluation ◽

Stage Renal Disease ◽

End Stage

AbstractWe investigated the association between the incidence of severe hypoglycemia and the risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Baseline and follow-up data for 988,333 participants with type 2 diabetes were retrieved from the National Health Insurance System database. The number of severe hypoglycemia episodes experienced from 2007 to 2009 was determined. The primary outcome was the development of ESRD after the baseline evaluation. Participants were followed from the baseline until death or December 31, 2016, during this period 14,545 participants (1.5%) developed ESRD. In the crude model, compared with those who experienced no severe hypoglycemia, the hazard ratios (95% confidential intervals) for developing ESRD were 4.96 (4.57–5.39), 6.84 (5.62–8.32), and 9.51 (7.14–12.66) in participants who experienced one, two, and three or more episodes of severe hypoglycemia, respectively. Further adjustment for various confounding factors attenuated the association between severe hypoglycemia and ESRD; the significance of the association between severe hypoglycemia and ESRD was maintained. Having three or more severe hypoglycemia episodes was associated with a nearly two-fold increased risk of developing ESRD. Prior episodes of severe hypoglycemia were associated with an increased risk of ESRD among Korean adults with type 2 diabetes.

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Risk of elevated resting heart rate on the development of type 2 diabetes in patients with clinically manifest vascular diseases

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-11-1017 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 166 (4) ◽

pp. 717-725 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Remy H H Bemelmans ◽

Annemarie M J Wassink ◽

Yolanda van der Graaf ◽

Hendrik M Nathoe ◽

Joris W P Vernooij ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Vascular Disease ◽

Sympathetic Nerve ◽

Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽

Vascular Diseases ◽

Resting Heart Rate ◽

Nerve Activity ◽

Increased Risk

ObjectiveSympathetic nerve activation is causally related to insulin resistance as both a cause and a consequence. Resting heart rate (RHR) reflects sympathetic nerve activity. We investigated the effect of RHR on the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in patients with clinically manifest vascular diseases.DesignData were used from the second manifestations of arterial disease (SMART) study: a prospective cohort study of patients with clinically manifest vascular diseases (n=3646).MethodsRHR was obtained using an electrocardiogram. Patients were followed up for incident type 2 diabetes (n=289) during a median period of 5.5 (interquartile range 3.2–8.4) years. The relation between RHR and incident T2DM was estimated by Cox proportional hazard analysis. As age was an effect modifier (P=0.048), analyses were stratified for age.ResultsPatients in quartile 4 (Q4) of RHR had a 65% increased risk of T2DM compared with those in Q1 (reference; hazard ratios (HR), 1.65; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.15–2.36) adjusted for age, gender, smoking, estimated glomerular filtration rate, systolic blood pressure, location of vascular disease, and antihypertensive medication. Every 10 beats per minute (bpm) increase in RHR increased the risk for T2DM with 10% (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.00–1.21) in the total population. This risk was particularly high in subjects aged 55–63 years (per 10 bpm: HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.04–1.43) and was independent of the location of vascular disease and beta-blocker use.ConclusionsIncreased RHR, an indicator of sympathetic nerve activity, is associated with an increased risk for T2DM in patients with manifest vascular diseases, particularly in middle-aged patients.

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Prevalence and biochemical correlates of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus at Puducherry, India

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20182528 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 865

Author(s):

K. Shaik Anwar Hussain

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factor ◽

General Medicine ◽

Vascular Diseases ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Early Screening ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Background: Microalbuminuria is a risk factor for end stage renal disease as a sequalae of diabetic nephropathy and an independent risk factor for cardio-vascular diseases. Early screening for Microalbuminuria can prevent long-term complications. The objective of the present investigation was to study the magnitude of Microalbuminuria among the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending to the diabetic clinic and correlate with other biochemical parameters related to complications of diabetes.Methods: This observational study was conducted among 500 type 2 diabetic patients attending to the diabetology OPD, Department of General medicine during the time period June 2017 to May 2018. The patients were interviewed for socio-demographic details, history and clinical examination and subjected to blood investigations and ECG.Results: Microalbuminuria was present in 31.6% (n=158) of the diabetics. Age group 45-55 years, male gender, duration of diabetes >10 years, active smokers, Diabetic retinopathy, Peripheral neuropathy, Ischemic heart disease, SBP 160-170 mmHg, DBP 95-100 mmHg and 100-105 mmHg, BMI 30-35 Kg/m2, TG >250 mg/dl, LDL >110 mg/ dl and HbA1c 7.5-9 % showed a greater odds ratio and significant association (p<0.001) with Microalbuminuria.Conclusions: There was an increased prevalence of Microalbuminuria among the patients with type 2 diabetes. It also showed significant association of major microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes and Microalbuminuria.

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Metabolic syndrome as a prothrombogenic state

Obesity and metabolism ◽

10.14341/2071-8713-5239 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 3-9

Author(s):

M A Berkovskaya ◽

S A Butrova

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Scientific Knowledge ◽

Vascular Diseases ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity ◽

Cardio Vascular

The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions nowadays. Abdominal obesity is the most unfavorable one, because of its association with the complex of markers and risk factors ofcardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is called metabolic syndrome (MS). MS also increases risk of atherothrombosis because it is characterized by low fibrinolysis and prothrombogenic changes in coagulation and platelet hemostasis. The review highlights the mechanisms of hemostatic disturbances in MS, which eхends our scientific knowledge about pathogenesis of cardio vascular diseases

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Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) in diagnostics, risk and severity evaluation of magistral vessels lesion in patients with cardio-vascular diseases and type 2 diabetes

Terapevticheskii arkhiv ◽

10.26442/00403660.2021.01.200599 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 93 (1) ◽

pp. 87-93

Author(s):

Vladimir A. Verner ◽

Maria V. Mel’nik ◽

Svetlana A. Knjazeva

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Arterial Wall ◽

Vascular Diseases ◽

Chronic Hypertension ◽

Portable Devices ◽

Wall Stiffness ◽

Cardio Vascular ◽

Pressure Changes

Assesment of arterial stiffness the substantional prognostic factor for evaluating complications of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in patients with atherosclerosis, hypertension and type 2 diabetes, may be performed using different parameters, including cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). The main purpose of this review is to analyze data from studies where CAVI is used to test the arterial wall stiffness in magistral vessels. CAVI measurement is non-invasive and performed by portable devices which makes it comfortable for ambulatory use in patients who come for a check-up and also in those who already are hospitalized. It does not require any special knowledge from investigator and the test lasts a couple of minutes long. CAVI does not depend on blood pressure changes and is more specific in structural changes of arterial wall assessment than brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). CAVI shows considerable correlation with markers of CVD like atherosclerotic plaques in vessels, diastolic disfunction of left ventricle and angina pectoris. CAVI may be used for early monitoring and assessing the lesions of target organs in patients with atherosclerosis, chronic hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Establishing CAVI as a standart parameter in assessing patients who are at risk of CVD can help to improve complications prevention, reduce mortality and prolong their lifespan.

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