scholarly journals Formation of the reverse flow of energy in a sharp focus

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 714-722
Author(s):  
V.V. Kotlyar ◽  
S.S. Stafeev ◽  
A.G. Nalimov ◽  
A.A. Kovalev
Keyword(s):  
Interference Pattern ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Wave Vector ◽  
Optical Axis ◽  
Reverse Flow ◽  
Plane Waves ◽  
Gradient Force ◽  
Sharp Focusing ◽  
Scattering Force ◽  
The Right

It was theoretically shown that in the interference pattern of four plane waves with specially selected directions of linear polarization it is formed a reverse flow of energy. The areas of direct and reverse flow alternate in a staggered order in the cross section of the interference pattern. The absolute value of the reverse flow directly depends on the angle of convergence of the plane waves (on the angle between the wave vector and the optical axis) and reach the maximum at an angle of convergence close to 90 degrees. The right-handed triples of the vectors of four plane waves (the wave vector with positive values of projection to optical axis and the vector of electric and magnetic fields) when added in certain areas of the interference pattern form an electromagnetic field described by the left-handed triple of vectors; however, the projection of wave vector to optical axis has negative values. In these areas, the light propagates in the opposite direction. A similar explanation of the mechanism of the formation of a reverse flow can be applied to the case of a sharp focusing of a laser beam with a second-order polarization singularity. It is also shown that if a spherical dielectric Rayleigh nanoparticle is placed in the backflow region, then a force directed in the opposite direction will act on it (the scattering force will be more than the gradient force).

The Effect of Set on the Two-Point Tactual Threshold

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anima Sen
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Test Stimulus ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Adaptation Level ◽  
Critical Stimulus ◽  
Positive Direction ◽  
Control Series ◽  
Longitudinal Line ◽  
Adaptation Level Theory ◽  
The Right

This experiment studies the influence of set on the two-point tactual threshold. The two-point limen (critical stimulus) was determined along the mid-longitudinal line of both volar and dorsal surfaces of the right forearms of seven university students. Test-stimuli were selected at 3 mm. steps both up and down from each of the critical stimuli. Each of these test-stimuli was presented separately, the critical stimulus being interpolated 30 times in each test of the series. The proportions of two-point and one-point responses to the critical stimulus were then determined again in a control series. It was found that, as the test-stimulus deviated in the positive direction from the critical stimulus, the proportion of two-point responses to the critical stimulus increased, reached a maximum and then began to decline. A similar rise and fall in one-point responses were found in the opposite direction. The results were explained by Adaptation Level Theory.

scholarly journals Berechnung der Oberfläche von Kernmaterie mit Hilfe spezieller Einteilchen-Wellenfunktionen

1962 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 640-649
Author(s):  
Franz Lanzl
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Plane Waves ◽  
Yukawa Interaction ◽  
Range Interaction ◽  
Zero Range ◽  
Volume Energy ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Order ◽  
Surface Thickness

Using a YUKAWA interaction between the nucleons the volume energy per particle and the specific surface energy are calculated. These expressions assume a very simple form for a zero range interaction. The space parts of the applied orthogonal single particle wave functions are products of plane waves and a momentum independent function which brings about the decrease in density within the surface layer. First the volume energy per particle as a function of the density in the interior of nuclear matter is minimized. The interaction parameters are so selected that the values of the volume energy per particle and the density at the minimum agree with the experimental data. Then the surface energy as a function of the surface thickness is minimized. The values of the surface energy and the surface thickness in the minimum are compared with the empirical data. They are found to be of the right order of magnitude

scholarly journals From Which Direction Does the Empire Strike (Back)?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Theresa Halicki ◽  
Moritz Ingendahl ◽  
Maren Mayer ◽  
Melvin John ◽  
Marcel Raphael Schreiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Spatial Representation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Spatial Representations ◽  
The Right ◽  
Attack And Defense

In cultures with left-right-script, agentic behavior is mentally represented as following a left-to-right trajectory, an effect referred to as the Spatial Agency Bias (SAB, Suitner and Maass, 2016). In this research, we investigated whether spatial representations of activities are universal across activities by analyzing the opposite concepts of “attack” and “defense”. Both behaviors involve similar actions (e.g., fighting) but may differ in perceived agency. Moreover “defense” is necessarily always a response to an attack and may therefore be represented by a trajectory in the opposite direction. Two studies found the classic SAB for activities representing attacking but a reduction (Study 1) and reversal (Study 2) for activities involving defense. Although the spatial representation of defense on the right was much weaker and less unequivocal than that of attack on the left, the results suggest that the spatial representations of defense and attack are located in different positions. Apparently not all actors and all activities are spatially represented on the left with a left-to-right trajectory but position and direction depend on the perceived agency. Directions for future research and applications of our findings are discussed.

Effects of the laryngeal jet on nano- and microparticle transport and deposition in an approximate model of the upper tracheobronchial airways

2008 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 1761-1777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinxiang Xi ◽  
P. Worth Longest ◽  
Ted B. Martonen
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Flow ◽  
Approximate Model ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Deposition Density ◽  
Flow Features ◽  
Tracking Model ◽  
Induced Flow ◽  
Lagrangian Tracking ◽  
The Right

The extent to which laryngeal-induced flow features penetrate into the upper tracheobronchial (TB) airways and their related impact on particle transport and deposition are not well understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of including the laryngeal jet on the behavior and fate of inhaled aerosols in an approximate model of the upper TB region. The upper TB model was based on a simplified numerical reproduction of a replica cast geometry used in previous in vitro deposition experiments that extended to the sixth respiratory generation along some paths. Simulations with and without an approximate larynx were performed. Particle sizes ranging from 2.5 nm to 12 μm were considered using a well-tested Lagrangian tracking model. The model larynx was observed to significantly affect flow dynamics, including a laryngeal jet skewed toward the right wall of the trachea and a significant reverse flow in the left region of the trachea. Inclusion of the laryngeal model increased the tracheal deposition of nano- and micrometer particles by factors ranging from 2 to 10 and significantly reduced deposition in the first three bronchi of the model. Considering localized conditions, inclusion of the laryngeal approximation decreased deposition at the main carina and produced a maximum in local surface deposition density in the lobar-to-segmental bifurcations (G2–G3) for both 40-nm and 4-μm aerosols. These findings corroborate previous experiments and highlight the need to include a laryngeal representation in future computational and in vitro models of the TB region.

scholarly journals XI. On the causes which influence the direction of the growth of roots. By T. A. Knight, Esq. F. R. S. In a letter to the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K. B. P. R. S

1811 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
pp. 209-219 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Centrifugal Force ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Animal Life ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fibrous Roots ◽  
Germinating Seeds

I have shewn, in a former communication, the effects of centrifugal force upon germinating seeds; from which I have inferred that the radicles are made to descend towards the earth, and the germs, or elongated plumules, to take the opposite direction, by the influence of gravitation; and I believe the facts I have stated to be sufficient to support the inferences I have drawn. But the fibrous roots of plants, being much less succulent, though not uninfluenced in the directions they take by gravitation, are, to a great extent, obedient to other laws, and are generally found to extend themselves most rapidly, and to the greatest length, in whatever direction the soil is most favourable: whence many naturalists have been disposed to believe that these are guided by some degrees of feeling and perception, analogous to those of animal life. I shall proceed to state some of the facts upon which this hypothesis has been founded, and others which have occurred in the course of my own experience, and which are favourable to it; after which I shall endeavour to trace the effects observed to the operation of different causes.

SUCCESSFUL STENTING BY COMBINATION TECHNIQUE OF REVERSE FLOW AND DOWNSTREAM FILTERING FOR LONG CHRONIC TOTAL OCCLUSION OF THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAL ARTERY

Neurosurgery ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. E378-E379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomonori Iwata ◽  
Takahisa Mori ◽  
Hiroyuki Tajiri ◽  
Masahito Nakazaki
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Artery ◽  
Chronic Total Occlusion ◽  
Reverse Flow ◽  
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery ◽  
Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency ◽  
Total Occlusion ◽  
Combination Technique ◽  
Left Posterior ◽  
The Right ◽  
Distal Filter

Abstract OBJECTIVE To report a case of successful recanalization using the combination technique of reverse flow and downstream filtering in chronic total occlusion of the bilateral vertebral artery (VA). Clinical Presentation A 59-year-old man had experienced attacks consisting of vertigo and/or dysarthria more than 1 year before presentation. He experienced symptoms despite the administration of antiplatelet drugs and presented to our institution. Diagnostic cerebral angiography demonstrated that the right VA was not occluded at the ostium but, rather, along its midcervical portion and that the left VA ended in the left posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Intervention Long chronic total occlusion of the right cervical VA was recanalized successfully and safely by reverse flow and downstream filtering with proximal flow blockade and a distal filter device positioned in the right brachial artery. Follow-up angiography at 1 year demonstrated no re-occlusion. The patient's symptoms disappeared after recanalization and did not recur. To our knowledge, there are no reports describing successful angioplasty and/or stenting for long chronic total occlusion of the cervical VA. CONCLUSION Stenting using the combination technique of reverse flow and downstream filtering can safely open even long chronic cervical VA occlusion and may be effective in the treatment of patients experiencing vertebrobasilar insufficiency due to bilateral chronic VA occlusion.

Application of Operant Token Reinforcement to Academic Performance of an Institutionalized Delinquent

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon O. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Grade Point Averages ◽  
Token Reinforcement ◽  
Grade Point ◽  
School Grades ◽  
The Right

Operant techniques were employed to strengthen the academic performance of Nick, a glib, manipulative, delinquently-identified, 16-yr.-old boy with an IQ of 108, committed for stealing four cars. Reports stated he felt “dumb” in school and resisted the educational process. Nick “rented” the use of his mattress at night and the right to wear his clothes instead of institutional clothes and purchased canteen items (cigarettes, candy, gum, etc.) with tokens. He earned tokens with daily and weekly school grades. Over 30 wk., average weekly grades improved slightly. Previous grade point averages were: .60, 1.00, .50, and 1.20; with reinforcement, averages rose to 3.00. Grading bias of teachers was in the opposite direction. Teachers reported Nick disliked school but still worked for tokens. It v/as concluded that token reinforcement improved academic performance, but better controlled studies are needed to develop and validate this approach.

scholarly journals Otwartość na dar stworzenia

2019 ◽  
pp. 83-95
Author(s):  
Jarosław Moskałyk
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Human Community ◽  
The Future ◽  
Human Desire ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

An important duty of man is proper communication and relativity to creation. This is due to the unique situation of our being “in the middle” and our vocation to go out “in the opposite direction”. However, personal faith in God becomes a particularly ennobling factor, as it somehow deepens the human desire for closeness and solidarity with the whole created reality. Through true openness to the visible world, we learn more about the relationship between the individual and the community, as well between the human community and the whole creation. Ultimately, we are trying to take up the challenge of dealing responsibly with nature as a unique value today and with the right to continue in the future.

scholarly journals Optical force acting on a particle in the presence of a backward energy flow near the focus of a gradient lens

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 871-875
Author(s):  
A.G. Nalimov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Flow ◽  
Optical Axis ◽  
Reverse Flow ◽  
Fdtd Method ◽  
Optical Force ◽  
Maxwell Stress Tensor ◽  
Output Surface ◽  
Dielectric Nanoparticle ◽  
Difference Time ◽  
Lens Surface

We show that a 70-nm dielectric nanoparticle placed on the optical axis near the surface (at a distance less than 100 nm) of a high-NA gradient microlens made of silicon, which is illuminated by a laser beam of 1.55 μm wavelength, is attracted to the lens surface with a piconewton force. The profile of the lens refractive index is described by a hyperbolic secant function. If a cut-out is made in the lens output surface, then the nanoparticle will be pulled into this cut-out, producing a kind of 'optical magnet'. If a reverse energy flow is to be generated on the optical axis near the output surface of such a gradient lens, this will lead to an absorbing dielectric nanoparticle being pulled toward the surface with a greater force than a similar non-absorbing particle. In the absence of a reverse flow, both absorbing and non-absorbing particles will be attracted to the surface with an equal force. The electromagnetic fields involved are calculated using a finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and the acting forces are calculated using a Maxwell stress tensor.

scholarly journals Quantitative Study of Conservative Gradient Force and Non-conservative Scattering Force in Optical Tweezers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Li ◽  
Hongxia Zheng ◽  
Chi Hong Yuen ◽  
Junjie Du ◽  
Jun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Tweezers ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Gradient Force ◽  
Scattering Force
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