scholarly journals Polityka Francji i Niemiec wobec niepodległej Ukrainy. Wokół stabilizacji i bezpieczeństwa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Mitrofanova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Pressure ◽  
The West ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Security Treaty ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Chernobyl Zone

This essay provides the shaping of the leading EU countries’ policy towards independent Ukraine. It examines that it was influenced by several factors: including the history of relations between each country with the Russian Empire and the USSR, and the lack of experience in cooperation with Ukraine as an independent state, and geopolitical interests of each state. The German political circles and the media as well as the French ones have been expressed their concern over the possible proliferation of nuclear weapons by Ukraine, which in turn has led to political and economic pressure on Ukraine’s stance on its nuclear status. The essay proves that the issue of nuclear technologies was not limited to the discussion of the former existence of a nuclear arsenal in Ukraine. France and Germany take an active part in the activities in the Chernobyl zone. Leading EU countries in the 1990s hoped there will be democratic changes in Russia, transparency and the development of civil society. Ukraine’s multi-vector policy was incomprehensible to Western countries, as was the security vacuum felt by Ukraine, which was gradually trapped in the geopolitical grip of two defense blocs: NATO in the West and Collective Security Treaty Organisation (Tashkent Pact) in the East. Since 2014, France and Germany have been mediators in the resolution of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict in Donbas in the framework of Normandy format, but so far there is no progress in resolving this low-intensity conflict.

scholarly journals IMPERIAL AND SOVIET DIMENSIONS OF THE UKRAINIAN NATIONAL ISSUE IN O. LOTOTSKY’S JOURNALISM

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-59
Author(s):  
Galina Mykhailenko
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Independent State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
National Issue

This paper aims at studying O. Lototsky’s journalistic works during the revolutions of 1905-1907, 1917-1921 and the emigration of 1920-1930. The main focus is on the analysis of the position of Ukrainian lands in the imperial era and the Soviet period, as well as the vision of key problems and political prospects proposed in the articles of O. Lototsky. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. Both general scientific and special-historical methods are used in the study, namely: historical and comparative, problematic, research tools of the history of ideas (intellectual history) and biographistics. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by its focus on the analysis of the content of Lototsky’s journalistic works in the context of opportunities to solve the Ukrainian national issue in the conditions of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. Conclusions. O. Lototsky’s creative legacy contains a significant amount of journalistic material. Their topics are diverse: from reviews of the economic situation of Ukrainian lands to the analysis of the state of educational institutions in the Russian Empire and the problems of the clergy. Considerable attention in these materials is devoted to the Ukrainian national issue. Due to O. Lototsky’s active social activity from 1906 to 1917, the topics of his essays frequently intertwined with the problems in which he was directly involved (for example, the status of the Ukrainian language and the abolition of bans on its use). The position of the Ukrainian lands as part of the Russian Empire and other states in the specified period was of his particular concern. During the emigrant era, the publicist continued to express his vision of the situation of Ukrainian territories within the USSR. The leading idea expressed in most of O. Lototsky’s materials of that period was that the state policy of both the Russian Empire and the USSR did not provide for the creation of an independent Ukrainian state, let alone support for Ukrainian culture. Given the historical experiences of the Ukrainian lands, O. Lototsky in the 1920s and 1930s was an active supporter of the creation of an independent state. O. Lototsky’s diverse creative legacy, his active social and political activities leave many more aspects for further elaboration, analysis, and determination of the significance of his heritage in the intellectual history of Ukraine and the Ukrainian movement.

scholarly journals National Security & Emerging Threats to The West Coast

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
CASIS
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
National Security ◽  
West Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
Royal Canadian Mounted Police ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Canadian Association ◽  
Intelligence Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media

On February 21st, 2019, the Canadian Association for Security and Intelligence Studies hosted its twelfth roundtable focusing on “National Security & Emerging Threats to the West Coast.” The presentation was hosted by Inspector Benoit Maure, a serving Peace Officer for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police with over 30 years of police experience. Inspector Maure highlighted various emerging and continuing terror threats in British Columbia, highlighting their similarities to other global issues. He discussed the history of terror threats in British Columbia (BC) and the role of symbolic targets in terrorism. The following roundtable discussion centred on a case study describing the Yellow Vest Canada movement and its proclivity toward soft violence. Audience members then brought into question whether or not the media downplays soft violence and if this arguable disposition places Canadians into instances where it may be difficult to detect escalation of groups approaching hard violence.

scholarly journals Islam Today

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-137
Author(s):  
Shiraz Khan
Keyword(s):  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Wealth Accumulation ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
Values And Beliefs ◽  
Structured Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
Islamic Faith ◽  
Basic Features

As we approach the end of this alarming century there is a quiet sense of urgencythat the West come to understand the Muslim world. Although these ancient rivalshave clashed for over a thousand years - politically, intellectually, culturally, andsocially - it is not so much in the field of battle wherein has lain the danger butin the world of ideas. A vitriolic polemic, begun with the advent of the ProphetMuhammad, plays itself out today in images of book burning fanatics, darklyveiled women and unstable nations willing to go to war on the mere whisper of theword jihad. This has been a history of disinformation and stereotypes that hasserved a single purpose: war - ooly this time the stakes are far higher. Propagandathat was once concerned with moral licentiousness and sexual fantasy has largelybeen replaced with one of violence and modem weapons, and the capitalist natureof wealth accumulation. The world is overshadowed by a battle for its resourcesthat threatens to develop into an all-out war. In light of this and the sizeable numberof Muslims living in the West, it is imperative that the climate of fear be diffusedand a forum for dialogue and understanding initiated. While the media tirelessly labors to define East-West relations in its own terms, professor AkbarAhmed has written a book that endeavors to promote a deep understanding, bowledgeand respect for Islam - its history, peoples, and achievements. In so doing,he opens new, more interactive, and peaceful parameters for a debate that arguesthat the differences between the two civilizations are far outweighed by their deeperand more permanent value systems.The book is a logically structured analysis, concisely written and easy to read.The author examines the basic features of Islam, the Qur’an and the Prophet towhom it was revealed; the history of the golden age of Islam when its empires werethe superpowers of their day providing stability and order and generating greatarchitecture, art and science; issues of modernity, democracy, and identity, includingthe core unit of Muslim society, the family; the reality of Muslims living innon-Muslim countries and the problems and issues they face; and finally, thepower and strength of Western media as well as the technological developmentsthat challenge traditional Islamic values and beliefs. Being a thorough and completeshrdy of the Islamic faith and its people, the book does not attempt to hidesome of the harsher realities, such as corrupt leaders and dishonest individualswho, by violating Islamic laws and customs, can no longer be considered as behavingaccording to the principles of Islam, and should therefore not be confused inthe West as representatives or followers of the faith ...

scholarly journals The problem of involvement of civil servants in Masonic societies during the Empire (XVIII – early XX century)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Konstantin Krakovskiy
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
The West ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Political Decision Making

The article is devoted to the history of the emergence and activity of secret Masonic lodges in Russia in the XVIII – early XX century and the involvement of civil servants in them – representatives of the political elite and ordinary officials, civil and military bureaucracy, Metropolitan and provincial. The participation of thetop police officials in Masonic lodges and, on the contrary, the involvement of representatives of the first generation of Russian revolutionaries – the Decembrists in Masonic organizationsis shown particularly. The influence of the West (first of all, England and France) in the formation and activity of Masonic lodges is exposed.Data on the number of Masonic lodges in the Russian Empire in different periods of its history are given. The author shows the state’s attitude to the activities of these «nonpublic organizations», the metamorphosis of politics and the reasons for frequent changes in the political course towards Freemasons. The influence of Masonic lodges on political decision-making is analyzed. The phenomenon of a very active introduction of masons into public and state institutions in the era of Russian revolutions at the beginning of the twentieth century is studied, and their wide presence in the first revolutionary government of Russia, which appeared during the February Revolution of 1917.

scholarly journals Indivisible Security and Collective Security Concepts: Implications for Russia’s Relations with the West

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 4-29
Author(s):  
Artem Kvartalnov
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
The West ◽  
Global Security ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
History Of

The indivisible security principle was first set out in the 1975 Helsinki Final Act and since then has been included in numerous international treaties and national strategic documents. However, the concept remains ambiguous and has not received due attention. The collective security concept has in turn been studied extensively by researchers who represent different paradigms and who have come up with diverse understandings of the term. This article adds to the ongoing conceptualisation of collective security and indivisible security and considers the implications of both concepts for European and global security arrangements in the context of Russia’s relations with the West. First, I analyse the history of the indivisible security and collective security concepts and briefly review relevant literature. Further, I come up with my conceptualisation of both notions, illustrating the theoretical claims with the case of Russia’s relations with NATO and EU countries. Building on this analysis, I assess the implications of both approaches for European and global security. I conclude that the international system cannot solely rely on either collective security or indivisible security and state the need for a middle-ground approach based on the decoupling/compartmentalisation of different policy areas.

scholarly journals Eastern Transcaucasia on the Eve and During the Persian Campaign of Peter the Great

2020 ◽  
pp. 125-128
Author(s):  
Zahid Alievich Khalaev
Keyword(s):  
Political Elite ◽  
Caspian Region ◽  
The West ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The study examines little-studied issues of the so-cio-political history of Eastern Transcaucasia on the eve and during the Persian campaign of Peter the Great. Based on the analysis of a wide range of nar-rative and archival sources, the influence of the mili-tary campaign of Peter the Great on the socio-political situation in the studied region is shown. The relations of the Russian authorities with the Christian rulers of the Transcaucasia in the interna-tional context are considered. As a result, the con-clusion is substantiated that during his Persian campaign, Peter I paid special attention not only to representatives of the Dagestan political elite, but also to the Christian rulers of the Eastern Transcau-casia, to the Georgian and Armenian rulers, in par-ticular, which gave him a great advantage in the struggle for domination in the Caucasus. The results of the Persian campaign of Peter for the Russian state were successful. The campaign put the west-ern part of the Caspian region under the control of the Russian state, such cities of Derbent and Baku were occupied. In general, this campaign marked the beginning of the process of the accession of the Transcaucasia to the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF AUL SCHOOLS IN AKMOLA, SEMIPALATINSK REGION (AT THE BEGINNING OF THE ХХ CENTURY)

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S. Saifulmalikova ◽  
◽  
M.E. Kadyrbayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Education ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Russian Empire

In the article, the authors consider the history of the creation of nomadic aul schools in Akmola, Semipalatinsk region. The formation process of primary education in the Russian Empire in the second half of the ХІХ - early ХХ century is analyzed. The peculiarity of the creation of nomadic schools, the content of the educational process, the material and technical condition is revealed. The number of aul schools is indicated. Also in the article the rules that have been adopted on aul schools had analyzed. The authors, on the basis of extensive factual material, studying the topic of creating nomadic schools in the West Siberian educational district, compare them with the Orenburg educational district. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the fact that it studies the specific feature of the aul school in the system of primary education in the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals Туркмены в контексте региональной внешней политики в Центральной Азии первой половины XIX в.

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 658-672
Author(s):  
Sergey D. Vasilyev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The West ◽  
International Context ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Great Game ◽  
Central Organization

Introduction. The article examines the politics of Persia, the Russian Empire, Great Britain, and the Khiva Khanate in their relations with Turkmens in the west of the Central Asian region, with special attention given to the dynamics of Russian and Persian interaction on the issue of Turkmen’s territories in the first half of the 19th c. At the time, Turkmens, lacking any central organization, were a multitude of related and opposing clans, each of which strove to preserve its traditional way of life; their actions were concerted only during the periods of Persian aggression. The present article aims at studying the Turkmens’ history of the period in the context of their struggle for independence against regional and world powers. Materials and methods. The research is based on a great variety of Iranian, Russian, and English sources, shedding light on their diplomatic activities in the region and the role of Turkmen clans. Thus, the material is examined, with a focus on the role of Turkmens in Russian and Iranian relations; this innovative approach is intended to fill in the existing gap in the research. Several methods employed in the study were as follows: criticism and analysis of written sources, analysis of phenomena and summing up of the results obtained, induction and deduction; these facilitated an understanding of the general international context in the Transcaspian subregion of Central Asia and of the Turkmens’ part in the regional geopolitics. Notably, Turkmens are not viewed purely in ethnocultural terms, but rather as an object and subject of the Great Game in the East because, undoubtedly, they took efforts to influence the course of geopolitics in the region. Conclusion. Actively resisting their traditional enemies ― Persians and Khivans ― and maneuvering between the leading powers in the struggle for their independence, the Turkmen clans became participants in the Great Game in Central Asia.

EMPIRE, NATION AND THE CONCEPT OF MODERN STATE (REFLECTIONS ON THE BOOK "EMPIRE AND BELONGING IN THE EURASIAN BORDERLANDS")

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-26
Author(s):  
Olga Bolshakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
The West ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Historian ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Relationship

The article, based on the materials of the conference in honor of the American historian-russianist Ronald Suny, examines the key methodological issues of Russian imperial history in the West. The author analyzes such problems as the relationship between empire and nation state, the history of concept of «national minorities», ethnopolitics in the Russian empire and the USSR.

Telegraphy, Typography, and the Alphabet: The Origins of Alphabet Revolutions in the Russo-Ottoman Space

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-431
Author(s):  
Ulug Kuzuoglu
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Linguistic Landscape ◽  
Language Reform ◽  
Media Technologies ◽  
Metal Type ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractThis paper explores the history of the alphabet revolutions in the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, beginning in the 1860s and culminating with the new Turkish alphabet and the Soviet latinization movement in the 1920s. Unlike earlier works that have treated these movements separately, this article traces the origins of the alphabet revolutions to the 19th-century communications revolution, when the telegraph and movable metal type challenged the existing modes of knowledge production and imposed new epistemologies of writing on the Muslims in the Russo-Ottoman space. This article examines the media technologies of the era and the cross-imperial debates surrounding various alphabet proposals that predated latinization and suggests that the history of language reform in the Russo-Ottoman world be reevaluated as a product of a modernizing information age that eventually changed the entire linguistic landscape of Eurasia.

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