scholarly journals Upgrading Metallurgical Grade Silicon to Solar Grade Silicon

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Mukashev ◽  
A. Betekbaev ◽  
D. Skakov ◽  
I. Pellegrin ◽  
A. Pavlov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Direct Conversion ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Solar Grade Silicon ◽  
Slag Refining ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Grade Silicon ◽  
Total Capacity

<p>he photovoltaics (PV) is a method of direct conversion of solar energy to electricity using semicon-ductor solar cells. In terms of globally installed capacity, PV remains third the most important renewable energy source after hydro and wind powers. 31.1 GW of PV systems were installed around the world in 2012 and up from 30.4 GW in 2011.There is a rapid growth of PV cell production and it is expected to increase further. However PV technology have to cost effective in comparison to hydro or wind powers and other sources of renewable energy. It has to reach the “grid parity” i.e. less or equal price for generated electricity <br />power. More than 85% of solar cells (SC) are made from solar grade silicon (SoGSi). SoGSi is produced by purification of metallurgy grade silicon (MGSi) which is produced by carbon recovering silicon from quartz. Also Quartz is an initial and essential material for obtaining SoGSi and SC. Rich resource of quartz <br />Sarykol located at southern part of Kazakhstan where the main factory for MG Si production «Каzsilicon» is situated. Upgrading of MGSi up to SoGSi consists is a number of technological steps and SoGSi is basis for PV industry. Therefore the cost of SoGSi determines the competitiveness of PV technology compared to <br />other energy sources. There are several chemical and metallurgical technologies for SoGSi production. This paper briefly describes these technologies and shows main advantages of metallurgical technologies based on slag refining (oxygenation). Considered technologies are the basis for industrial production of SoGSi, <br />solar cells with an efficiency of 15.8-17.1% and solar panels. The 1st power plant made from solar panels in Kazakhstan was launched in December 25, 2012 by «AstanaSolar» with a total capacity of 250 kW.</p>

Defining Terms for Climate Literacy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Singer
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Internet User ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Solar Grade Silicon ◽  
The Public ◽  
Digital Footprint ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Grade Silicon ◽  
Climate Literacy

&lt;div&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;To move forward with substantial, constructive actions that reduce overall consumption and emissions, the public, scientists and policymakers need agreement about our terms. Terms like &quot;sustainability,&quot; &quot;zero-emissions&quot; and &quot;carbon-neutrality&quot; tend to focus on a device or vehicle's energy use and emissions during operation--and to exclude energy use and emission during extraction, smelting, manufacturing and recycling or discard. What do such exclusions mean for e-vehicles, smartphones and solar panels? How can we encourage learning about and reducing electronics' true costs? Katie Singer will describe the process involved in manufacturing electronic-grade silicon (similar to solar-grade silicon), and propose that every Internet user learn the international supply chain of one substance (of 1000+) in their device. She will also propose ways to counterbalance a digital footprint. &lt;/div&gt;

Power Electronics and Controls in Solar Photovoltaic Systems

2013 ◽  
pp. 68-125
Author(s):  
Radian Belu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Electronics ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Renewable Energy Systems ◽  
Pv Systems

The use of renewable energy sources is increasingly being pursued as a supplemental and an alternative to traditional energy generation. Several distributed energy systems are expected to a have a significant impact on the energy industry in the near future. As such, the renewable energy systems are presently undergoing a rapid change in technology and use. Such a feature is enabled clearly by power electronics. Both the solar-thermal and photovoltaic (PV) technologies have an almost exponential growth in installed capacity and applications. Both of them contribute to the overall grid control and power electronics research and advancement. Among the renewable energy systems, photovoltaic (PV) systems are the ones that make use of an extended scale of the advanced power electronics technologies. The specification of a power electronics interface is subject to the requirements related not only to the renewable energy source itself but also to its effects on the operations of the systems on which it is connected, especially the ones where these intermittent energy sources constitute a significant part of the total system capacity. Power electronics can also play a significant role in enhancing the performance and efficiency of PV systems. Furthermore, the use of appropriate power electronics enables solar generated electricity to be integrated into power grid. Aside from improving the quality of solar panels themselves, power electronics can provide another means of improving energy efficiency in PV and solar-thermal energy systems.

Power Electronics and Controls in Solar Photovoltaic Systems

2015 ◽  
pp. 2016-2072
Author(s):  
Radian Belu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Electronics ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Renewable Energy Systems ◽  
Pv Systems

The use of renewable energy sources is increasingly being pursued as a supplemental and an alternative to traditional energy generation. Several distributed energy systems are expected to a have a significant impact on the energy industry in the near future. As such, the renewable energy systems are presently undergoing a rapid change in technology and use. Such a feature is enabled clearly by power electronics. Both the solar-thermal and photovoltaic (PV) technologies have an almost exponential growth in installed capacity and applications. Both of them contribute to the overall grid control and power electronics research and advancement. Among the renewable energy systems, photovoltaic (PV) systems are the ones that make use of an extended scale of the advanced power electronics technologies. The specification of a power electronics interface is subject to the requirements related not only to the renewable energy source itself but also to its effects on the operations of the systems on which it is connected, especially the ones where these intermittent energy sources constitute a significant part of the total system capacity. Power electronics can also play a significant role in enhancing the performance and efficiency of PV systems. Furthermore, the use of appropriate power electronics enables solar generated electricity to be integrated into power grid. Aside from improving the quality of solar panels themselves, power electronics can provide another means of improving energy efficiency in PV and solar-thermal energy systems.

scholarly journals Grey SWARA-FUCOM Weighting Method for Contractor Selection MCDM Problem: A Case Study of Floating Solar Panel Energy System Installation

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 2481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cao ◽  
Esangbedo ◽  
Bai ◽  
Esangbedo
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Solar Panel ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Weighting Method ◽  
Weight Analysis ◽  
Consistent Method ◽  
Grey Relational

Selection of the most appropriate contractor for the installation of solar panels is essential to maximizing the benefit of this renewable, sustainable energy source. Solar energy is one of the 100% renewable energy sources, but implementation may not be very simple and cost-effective. A key phase in the implementation of renewable energy is the evaluation of contractors for the installation of solar panels, which is addressed as a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. A new hybrid method is proposed that combines the stepwise weight analysis ratio assessment (SWARA) and full consistent method (FUCOM) weights that are represented as grey numbers used with traditional grey relational analysis (GRA) and evaluation based on distance from average solution (EDAS) methods. The ranking of contractors by both methods is the same, which confirmed the results presented in this research. The use of the grey SWARA-FUCOM weighting method combined with the GRA and EDAS methods increased the decision-makers’ (DMs) confidence in awarding the installation of the solar panel energy system to the top-ranked contractor.

Exploring the practical efficiency limit of silicon solar cells using thin solar-grade substrates

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (32) ◽  
pp. 16599-16608
Author(s):  
A. Augusto ◽  
J. Karas ◽  
P. Balaji ◽  
S. G. Bowden ◽  
R. R. King
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Silicon Solar Cells ◽  
Saturation Current ◽  
Solar Grade Silicon ◽  
Surface Saturation ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Grade Silicon

For commercially-viable solar-grade silicon, thinner wafers and surface saturation current densities below 1 fA cm−2, are required to significantly increase the practical efficiency limit of solar cells.

Mono-Like Ingot/Wafers Made of Solar-Grade Silicon for Solar Cells Application

2012 ◽  
pp. 507-511
Author(s):  
Sergey Beringov ◽  
Timur Vlasenko ◽  
Sergiy Yatsuk ◽  
Oleksandr Liaskovskiy ◽  
Iryna Buchovska
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Solar Grade Silicon ◽  
Grade Silicon

Planning of intensified production of solar grade silicon to yield solar panels involving behavior of population

2020 ◽  
pp. 108241
Author(s):  
Esbeydi Villicaña-García ◽  
César Ramírez-Márquez ◽  
Juan Gabriel Segovia-Hernández ◽  
José María Ponce-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Solar Panels ◽  
Solar Grade Silicon ◽  
Grade Silicon

Study on Theoretical Basis and Process Optimization for Solar Grade Silicon Fabrication

2010 ◽  
Vol 663-665 ◽  
pp. 1069-1072
Author(s):  
Yong Chao Gao ◽  
Bai Tong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Molten Silicon ◽  
Solar Grade Silicon ◽  
Photoelectric Conversion ◽  
Cell Carrier ◽  
Grade Silicon ◽  
Reactive Gases

As solar energy is inexhaustible, solar cells have become one of the options to the future energy. The raw material silicon as one of the Earth's most abundant resources elements, have the advantage of non-toxic, no pollution, no radiation, high photoelectric conversion efficiency, stability and reliability of optical performance become the main raw material for production of solar cells. Because of its supply is limited, We used relatively inexpensive metallurgical grade silicon as a starting material to produce solar grade silicon for solar cells is considered relatively inexpensive method. Therefore, the removal of impurities from metal silicon witch reduce solar cell carrier lifetime and thus reducing its power generation efficiency is a significant issue. To this end, according to impurities in molten silicon and solid silicon demonstrated various characteristics and existence forms, in this paper we used acid leaching, directional solidification, electron and magnetic field, vacuum melting, blow reactive gases and so on to fabricate solar grade silicon from metal silicon in theory to analyze and optimize process.

scholarly journals Maintenance Management Regime for Off-Grid Solar PV Renewable Energy System in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 1376-1382
Author(s):  
Zacchaeus A. Adetona ◽  
Joel Ogunyemi ◽  
Irmiya Bitrus
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Circuit Breakers ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Management Regime ◽  
Supply Problem ◽  
Maintenance Personnel

The perennial inadequate power supply problem in Nigeria, the worldwide call for green energy and the unavailability of grid electrical supply or difficulty in accessing it have created a need for the adoption of renewable energy such as solar PV systems. PV systems have a lifespan ranging from 10 to 25 years if well maintained but it has been observed that PV systems do not last up to their useful lifespan in Nigeria. A preliminary survey carried out showed that 71.2% of sample did not carry out any maintenance on their PV installations, 85.7% agreed that a lack of maintenance was responsible for their nonfunctional PV systems and 95% of the respondents agreed that there was a lack of maintenance on PV installations in Nigeria. A maintenance regime was developed for PV systems whereby a maintenance personnel is appointed to carry out routine or breakdown maintenance on solar panels, charge controller, battery, inverter, and cabling. The regime starts with turning off power coming from the solar panels. The maintenance of the solar panels follows; next is maintenance on all cable wiring and terminations. After all cable terminations have been checked, the battery maintenance follows. The charge controller is then checked for maintenance and subsequently, power from solar panels can be switched on to restore charging. Two protective installations were recommended in the maintenance regime namely the installation of earthing and DC circuit breakers to protect the solar system installation.

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