scholarly journals SHS for Space Exploration

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
A.E. Sytschev ◽  
S.G. Vadchenko ◽  
V.A. Shcherbakov ◽  
O.K. Kamynina ◽  
O.D. Boyarchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structure Formation ◽  
Parabolic Flight ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Space Technology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Microgravity Conditions

For over past years, interest of leading space agencies (NASA, JAXA, ESA, RSA, etc.) in SHS experiments under microgravity conditions has been increasingly growing. The first SHS experiments during a parabolic flight in Russia and aboard the MIR Space station gave promising results. Similar studies are now<br />being carried out in various countries. The obtained data and assimilated experience have shown that SHS reactions can be used for (a) synthesis of high-porosity materials and regulation of structure formation in combustion products, (b) preparation of skeleton structures by combustion of particles suspended in vacuum, (c) generation of thermal energy, (d) generation of incandescent radiation, and (e) for in-space fabrication and in-situ repair works (welding, joining, cutting, coating, near-net-shape production, etc.). However, the results of the above studies (strongly scattered in the literature) still seem insufficient for elucidating the mechanism of combustion in. Indeed, the experiments were carried out by different researchers for a dozen<br />of systems and for strongly different duration of microgravity (drop towers, parabolic flight of a plane, parabolic flight of a spacecraft, in space stations). No correlation has been made with the available data of SHS studies (oriented largely on practical implementation) in conditions of artificial gravity. In experiments, the combustion wave has enough time to spread over the sample while the structure formation, may not have. This implies that the process of wave propagation should always be identical, <br />irrespective of the type of experimental technique and place of experiment. SHS experiments in space are attractive because (a) of low energy requirements, (b) processing cycle is short, (c) of process simplicity, (d) of versatility (wide range of suitable materials, and (e) the use of in-situ resources possible. To date, SHS experiments has already been performed aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Space technology has been developed for frontier exploration not only around the Earth orbit environment but also to the Moon, Mars, etc.

scholarly journals Nanopore sequencing at Mars, Europa, and microgravity conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher E. Carr ◽  
Noelle C. Bryan ◽  
Kendall N. Saboda ◽  
Srinivasa A. Bhattaru ◽  
Gary Ruvkun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parabolic Flight ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Space Vehicles ◽  
Nanopore Sequencing ◽  
Icy Moons ◽  
Microbial Monitoring ◽  
Oxford Nanopore ◽  
Microgravity Conditions ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Consistent Performance

Abstract Nanopore sequencing, as represented by Oxford Nanopore Technologies’ MinION, is a promising technology for in situ life detection and for microbial monitoring including in support of human space exploration, due to its small size, low mass (~100 g) and low power (~1 W). Now ubiquitous on Earth and previously demonstrated on the International Space Station (ISS), nanopore sequencing involves translocation of DNA through a biological nanopore on timescales of milliseconds per base. Nanopore sequencing is now being done in both controlled lab settings as well as in diverse environments that include ground, air, and space vehicles. Future space missions may also utilize nanopore sequencing in reduced gravity environments, such as in the search for life on Mars (Earth-relative gravito-inertial acceleration (GIA) g = 0.378), or at icy moons such as Europa (g = 0.134) or Enceladus (g = 0.012). We confirm the ability to sequence at Mars as well as near Europa or Lunar (g = 0.166) and lower g levels, demonstrate the functionality of updated chemistry and sequencing protocols under parabolic flight, and reveal consistent performance across g level, during dynamic accelerations, and despite vibrations with significant power at translocation-relevant frequencies. Our work strengthens the use case for nanopore sequencing in dynamic environments on Earth and in space, including as part of the search for nucleic-acid based life beyond Earth.

Investigation on Mechanism of Faceted Cellular Array Growth in International Space Station

2012 ◽  
Vol 323-325 ◽  
pp. 533-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Inatomi ◽  
I. Yoshizaki ◽  
K. Sakata ◽  
T. Shimaoka ◽  
T. Sone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Butyl Alcohol ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
International Space ◽  
Cellular Array ◽  
Microgravity Conditions ◽  
Solid Liquid

Anin situobservation experiment of faceted cellular growth was carried out using transparent organic alloy, salol -t-butyl alcohol, in microgravity conditions on the International Space Station. The temperature and solute concentration fields in the vicinity of the solid-liquid and the growth rate were simultaneously measured by microscopic interferometers.

scholarly journals Nanopore Sequencing at Mars, Europa and Microgravity Conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher E. Carr ◽  
Noelle C. Bryan ◽  
Kendall N. Saboda ◽  
Srinivasa A. Bhattaru ◽  
Gary Ruvkun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parabolic Flight ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Space Vehicles ◽  
Nanopore Sequencing ◽  
Icy Moons ◽  
Microbial Monitoring ◽  
Oxford Nanopore ◽  
Microgravity Conditions ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Consistent Performance

AbstractNanopore sequencing, as represented by Oxford Nanopore Technologies’ MinION, is a promising technology for in situ life detection and for microbial monitoring including in support of human space exploration, due to its small size, low mass (∼100 g) and low power (∼1W). Now ubiquitous on Earth and previously demonstrated on the International Space Station (ISS), nanopore sequencing involves translocation of DNA through a biological nanopore on timescales of milliseconds per base. Nanopore sequencing is now being done in both controlled lab settings as well as in diverse environments that include ground, air and space vehicles. Future space missions may also utilize nanopore sequencing in reduced gravity environments, such as in the search for life on Mars (Earth-relative gravito-inertial acceleration (GIA) g = 0.378), or at icy moons such as Europa (g = 0.134) or Enceladus (g = 0.012). We confirm the ability to sequence at Mars as well as near Europa or Lunar (g = 0.166) and lower g levels, demonstrate the functionality of updated chemistry and sequencing protocols under parabolic flight, and reveal consistent performance across g level, during dynamic accelerations, and despite vibrations with significant power at translocation-relevant frequencies. Our work strengthens the use case for nanopore sequencing in dynamic environments on Earth and in space, including as part of the search for nucleic-acid based life beyond Earth.

Space Station Maintenance Workstation Development

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
Mihriban Whitmore ◽  
Randy B. Morris ◽  
Kent P. Vaubel ◽  
Frances E. Mount
Keyword(s):  
Computer Modeling ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Design Issues ◽  
Critical Design ◽  
Human Machine Interfaces ◽  
Work Volume ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Task Requirements ◽  
Microgravity Conditions

Space Station Maintenance Workstation will be used to support equipment servicing and repair operations. The Maintenance Workstation provides different work area configurations, giving open workbench or a contained area. Up to five operators can work at the workstation simultaneously. A series of Maintenance Workstation evaluations have been conducted at NASA Johnson Space Center to determine the critical design issues relating to human-machine interfaces. A primary goal of this work was to verify whether the proposed design accommodated a wide range of users and maintenance task requirements under microgravity conditions. The tests were conducted onboard NASA's KC-135 microgravity aircraft. Three crew and six non-crew subjects participated in the studies. Tasks performed during the evaluations consisted of reach sweeps, force/torque task, soldering, handling large objects and lens replacement. Each session was videotaped for post-flight observations. In addition, subjects were asked to fill out a questionnaire following the flight. These microgravity evaluations were complemented by the computer modeling of different statures to investigate the viewing, reach, and head clearances. Results indicate that the size and location of the glove ports, and the enclosed work volume are the critical design concerns. The approach, findings and implications of the study are discussed.

A Novel Injectable Chitosan Sponge Containing Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) to Enhance Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells' (OPC) Differentiation

2014 ◽  
Vol 1621 ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
Mina Mekhail ◽  
Qiao-Ling Cui ◽  
Guillermina Almazan ◽  
Jack Antel ◽  
Maryam Tabrizian
Keyword(s):  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Therapeutic Modality ◽  
Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Oligodendrocyte Progenitor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACTWe developed a rapidly-gelling chitosan sponge crosslinked with Guanosine 5'-Diphosphate (GDP). GDP has not been previously explored as an anionic crosslinker, and it was used in this application since the nucleoside guanosine has been shown to improve remyelination in situ, and thus its presence in the sponge composition was hypothesized to induce Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells' (OPC) differentiation. In addition to the chemical composition tailored to target OPCs, the developed chitosan sponge possesses a wide range of desirable physicochemical properties such as: rapid gelation, high porosity with interconnected pores, moduli of elasticity resembling that of soft tissue and cytocompatibility with many cell types. Moreover, protein encapsulation into the sponges was possible with high encapsulation efficiencies (e.g. BMP-7 and NT-3). In this study, BDNF was encapsulated in the chitosan sponges with an encapsulation efficiency greater than 80% and a sustained release over a 16-day period was achieved. We demonstrate here for the first time, the attachment of human fetal OPCs to the sponges and their differentiation after 12 days of culture. Overall, this newly-introduced injectable sponge is a promising therapeutic modality that can be used to enhance remyelination post-spinal cord injuries.

Fire and Smoke Corrosivity of Structural Materials

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 294-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel S. Patton
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Structural Metals

The deleterious effects that combustion products generated dur ing fires can have on normal construction materials have been well-docu mented. The combined effects of fire, corrosive smoke and particulate have been defined as fire corrosivity. While the effects of fire corrosivity are well-known, little quantitative information is available concerning the mechanisms in volved and the degree to which materials, particularly metals, are susceptible. Consequently, a study which was conducted to begin examining the effects of fire and smoke corrosivity on metals is described and the results are presented. Various metal targets were exposed to corrosive smoke and fire particulate pro duced from polyvinylchloride (PVC) samples burned in a cone calorimeter. The target materials consisted of 304 stainless steel, 1010 carbon steel and 70-30 CuNi alloy. In addition to metal targets, electrical resistance probes were also utilized in the testing to monitor in-situ corrosion rates. The probe materials corresponded to the metal targets so that a comparison could be conducted. After testing, both the metal targets and corrosion probes were sectioned and prepared for analysis using standard metallographic techniques. The targets and probes were analyzed for corrosion products and depth of attack. Results from this testing show that all the metal targets proved highly susceptible to the effects of fire and smoke corrosivity attributed to the burning of PVC samples. These results are presented and compared by corrosion rates. In addi tion, the performance of the corrosion probes in terms of their ability to produce accurate corrosion measurements was evaluated by comparing their corrosion depth measurements to those of the metal targets. It can be concluded from these observations that the testing of structural metals for their resistance to fire corrosivity must be done over a wide range of combustion environments us ing a large number of targets in order to generate a statistical basis before any predictions can be made concerning a particular alloy's resistance.

In-situ electrical-resistivity measurements in the high-voltage electron microscope

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-69
Author(s):  
W. E. King
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Resistivity Measurements ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscope ◽  
High Voltage Electron ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Helium Gas

A side-entry type, helium-temperature specimen stage that has the capability of in-situ electrical-resistivity measurements has been designed and developed for use in the AEI-EM7 1200-kV electron microscope at Argonne National Laboratory. The electrical-resistivity measurements complement the high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM) to yield a unique opportunity to investigate defect production in metals by electron irradiation over a wide range of defect concentrations.A flow cryostat that uses helium gas as a coolant is employed to attain and maintain any specified temperature between 10 and 300 K. The helium gas coolant eliminates the vibrations that arise from boiling liquid helium and the temperature instabilities due to alternating heat-transfer mechanisms in the two-phase temperature regime (4.215 K). Figure 1 shows a schematic view of the liquid/gaseous helium transfer system. A liquid-gas mixture can be used for fast cooldown. The cold tip of the transfer tube is inserted coincident with the tilt axis of the specimen stage, and the end of the coolant flow tube is positioned without contact within the heat exchanger of the copper specimen block (Fig. 2).

Measurements method of the audio recordings acoustic quality indicator prepared for registration and processing in the Unified Biometric System

2019 ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.V. Savchenko ◽  
A.V. Savchenko
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Digital Processing ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Acoustic Measurements ◽  
Pitch Frequency ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Automated Quality Control

We consider the task of automated quality control of sound recordings containing voice samples of individuals. It is shown that in this task the most acute is the small sample size. In order to overcome this problem, we propose the novel method of acoustic measurements based on relative stability of the pitch frequency within a voice sample of short duration. An example of its practical implementation using aninter-periodic accumulation of a speech signal is considered. An experimental study with specially developed software provides statistical estimates of the effectiveness of the proposed method in noisy environments. It is shown that this method rejects the audio recording as unsuitable for a voice biometric identification with a probability of 0,95 or more for a signal to noise ratio below 15 dB. The obtained results are intended for use in the development of new and modifying existing systems of collecting and automated quality control of biometric personal data. The article is intended for a wide range of specialists in the field of acoustic measurements and digital processing of speech signals, as well as for practitioners who organize the work of authorized organizations in preparing for registration samples of biometric personal data.

Site specific agricultural soil management with the use of new technologies

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Digital Interface ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soil Variation ◽  
Soil Information ◽  
Remote Sensing Techniques ◽  
Agricultural Areas

<p>The Soil Science Institute of Thessaloniki produces new digitized Soil Maps that provide a useful electronic database for the spatial representation of the soil variation within a region, based on in situ soil sampling, laboratory analyses, GIS techniques and plant nutrition mathematical models, coupled with the local land cadastre. The novelty of these studies is that local agronomists have immediate access to a wide range of soil information by clicking on a field parcel shown in this digital interface and, therefore, can suggest an appropriate treatment (e.g. liming, manure incorporation, desalination, application of proper type and quantity of fertilizer) depending on the field conditions and cultivated crops. A specific case study is presented in the current work with regards to the construction of the digitized Soil Map of the regional unit of Kastoria. The potential of this map can easily be realized by the fact that the mapping of the physicochemical properties of the soils in this region provided delineation zones for differential fertilization management. An experiment was also conducted using remote sensing techniques for the enhancement of the fertilization advisory software database, which is a component of the digitized map, and the optimization of nitrogen management in agricultural areas.</p>

Antiprobcotron magnetic trap for charged dust particles in space experiments

2019 ◽  
pp. 20-29
Author(s):  
Lev G. D’YACHKOV ◽  
Mikhail M. VASILYEV ◽  
Oleg F. PETROV ◽  
Sergey F. SAVIN ◽  
Igor V. CHURILO
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Trap ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Coulomb Systems ◽  
Inhomogeneous Magnetic Field ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Charged Dust ◽  
Magnetic Traps ◽  
Space Experiments ◽  
Microgravity Conditions ◽  
New Space

We discuss the possibility of using static magnetic traps as an alternative to electrostatic traps for forming and confining structures of charged dust particles in a gas discharge plasma in the context of our study of strongly interacting Coulomb systems. Some advantages of confining structures in magnetic traps over electrostatic ones are shown. Also we provide a review of the related researches carried out first in laboratory conditions, and then under microgravity conditions including the motivation of performing the experiments aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The preparations of a new space experiment «Coulomb-magnet» as well as the differences of a new equipment from previously used are described. We proposed the main tasks of the new experiment as a study of the dynamics and structure of active monodisperse and polydisperse macroparticles in an inhomogeneous magnetic field under microgravity conditions, including phase transitions and the evolution of such systems in the kinetic heating of dust particles by laser radiation. Key words: Coulomb structures, magnetic trap, antiprobotron, diamagnetic particles, dust particles, microgravity.

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