Measurements method of the audio recordings acoustic quality indicator prepared for registration and processing in the Unified Biometric System

2019 ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.V. Savchenko ◽  
A.V. Savchenko
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Digital Processing ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Acoustic Measurements ◽  
Pitch Frequency ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Automated Quality Control

We consider the task of automated quality control of sound recordings containing voice samples of individuals. It is shown that in this task the most acute is the small sample size. In order to overcome this problem, we propose the novel method of acoustic measurements based on relative stability of the pitch frequency within a voice sample of short duration. An example of its practical implementation using aninter-periodic accumulation of a speech signal is considered. An experimental study with specially developed software provides statistical estimates of the effectiveness of the proposed method in noisy environments. It is shown that this method rejects the audio recording as unsuitable for a voice biometric identification with a probability of 0,95 or more for a signal to noise ratio below 15 dB. The obtained results are intended for use in the development of new and modifying existing systems of collecting and automated quality control of biometric personal data. The article is intended for a wide range of specialists in the field of acoustic measurements and digital processing of speech signals, as well as for practitioners who organize the work of authorized organizations in preparing for registration samples of biometric personal data.

Method of real-time updating for voice templates in the Unified Biometric System

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-65
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Savchenko ◽  
Andrey V. Savchenko
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Biometric System ◽  
Acoustic Quality ◽  
Information Metric ◽  
Quality Of Voice ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
Automated Quality Control

The article was written in the development of ideas from a previous work of the authors [5]. The task of automated quality control of voice templates, which were registered and stored in the Unified Biometric System is considered. A solution to the problem of timely updating of the collected templates is proposed, since over time they lose their consumer qualities. A new indicator of the acoustic quality of voice templates in the Kullback–Leibler information metric was investigated and a method for measuring it at the moments when users contacting the system with service requests was proposed. An example of the practical implementation of the proposed method is shown. Using the author's software, a full-scale experiment was conducted, quantitative estimates of the period for updating voice templates were obtained, and recommendations were given on their practical application. The results can be used to develop new and modernize existing systems and technologies for automated quality control and updating of biometric personal data templates.

scholarly journals Congenital Micropenis: Aetiology And Management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Rita Stancampiano ◽  
Kentaro Suzuki ◽  
Stuart O’Toole ◽  
Gianni Russo ◽  
Gen Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Penile Length ◽  
Appearance Quality ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In the newborn, penile length is determined by a number of androgen dependent and independent factors. The current literature suggests that there are inter-racial differences in stretched penile length in the newborn and although congenital micropenis should be defined as a stretched penile length of less than 2.5SDS of the mean for the corresponding population and gestation, a pragmatic approach would be to evaluate all boys with a stretched penile length below 2 cm, as congenital micropenis can be a marker for a wide range of endocrine conditions. However, it remains unclear as to whether the state of micropenis, itself, is associated with any long-term consequences. There is a lack of systematic studies comparing the impact of different therapeutic options on long-term outcomes, in terms of genital appearance, quality of life and sexual satisfaction. To date, research has been hampered by a small sample size and inclusion of a wide range of heterogeneous diagnoses; for these reasons, condition specific outcomes have been difficult to compare between studies. Lastly, there is a need for a greater collaborative effort in collecting standardized data so that all real-world or experimental interventions performed at an early age can be studied systematically into adulthood.

scholarly journals Statistical Analysis and Stochastic Modelling of Hydrological Extremes

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Tabari
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Stochastic Modelling ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Hydrological Extremes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Projected Changes

Analysis of hydrological extremes is challenging due to their rarity and small sample size and the interconnections between different types of extremes and gets further complicated by an untrustworthy representation of meso-scale processes involved in extreme events by coarse spatial and temporal scale models as well as biased or missing observations due to technical difficulties during extreme conditions. The special issue “Statistical Analysis and Stochastic Modelling of Hydrological Extremes”—motivated by the need to apply and develop innovative stochastic and statistical approaches to analyze hydrological extremes under current and future climate conditions —encompass 13 research papers. Case studies presented in the papers exploit a wide range of innovative techniques for hydrological extremes analyses. The papers focus on six topics: Historical changes in hydrological extremes, projected changes in hydrological extremes, downscaling of hydrological extremes, early warning and forecasting systems for drought and flood, interconnections of hydrological extremes and applicability of satellite data for hydrological studies. This Editorial provides an overview of the covered topics and reviews the case studies relevant for each topic.

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of goodness of fit tests for normal distribution using simulation and empirical data

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-251
Author(s):  
Achilleas Anastasiou ◽  
Alex Karagrigoriou ◽  
Anastasios Katsileros
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Type I ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Omnibus Test ◽  
Wide Range

SummaryThe normal distribution is considered to be one of the most important distributions, with numerous applications in various fields, including the field of agricultural sciences. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the most popular normality tests, comparing the performance in terms of the size (type I error) and the power against a large spectrum of distributions with simulations for various sample sizes and significance levels, as well as through empirical data from agricultural experiments. The simulation results show that the power of all normality tests is low for small sample size, but as the sample size increases, the power increases as well. Also, the results show that the Shapiro–Wilk test is powerful over a wide range of alternative distributions and sample sizes and especially in asymmetric distributions. Moreover the D’Agostino–Pearson Omnibus test is powerful for small sample sizes against symmetric alternative distributions, while the same is true for the Kurtosis test for moderate and large sample sizes.

scholarly journals What People with Newly Diagnosed MS (and their Families and Friends) Need to Know

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Wollin ◽  
Helen Dale ◽  
Nancy Spenser ◽  
Anne Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Depth Interviews

Abstract The aim of this retrospective study was to determine from people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and their families what information would assist a person with newly diagnosed MS — in which format, when, and from whom it should be delivered. Thirty-four Queensland, Australia, residents with MS and 18 family members and friends participated in the main study. Participants were self-selected for this purposive, statewide, cross-sectional study. Nine of the respondents answered open-ended questions in addition to the standard questionnaires, and seven respondents gave in-depth interviews. The respondents recommended that people with a recent MS diagnosis and their families be given a wide range of information reflective of their personal needs. The information should be provided in person (in both group and individual sessions). They preferred to receive the information from their physicians and the staff of the Multiple Sclerosis Society. Research aimed at cures and therapies, as well as counseling and support services, should be discussed early in the course of the disease. Because of the small sample size and retrospective design, additional studies with larger populations are suggested to confirm these results and their cross-cultural applicability.

Epidemiology of psoriatic arthritis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Husni ◽  
Madonna Michael
Keyword(s):  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Gender ◽  
High Level

The epidemiological studies of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is quite challenging as our understanding of the disease is evolving. A wide range of incidence and prevalence is reported among different countries suggesting genetic and environmental factors influencing the epidemiology of PsA. Other contributing factors accounting for the wide range and variation of PsA epidemiology include age and gender variations, ethnicity, lack of precise case definition, and small sample size. A high level of suspicion in patients with pre-existing psoriasis, and collaborative efforts shared between primary care physicians (PCP), dermatologist, and rheumatologist, will enhance early detection and management of PsA, subsequently improving overall patient outcomes, and quality of life.

Current treatment efficacy for metastatic soft tissue sarcoma: A targeted literature review.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e23577-e23577
Author(s):  
Heide Stirnadel-Farrant ◽  
Anadi Mahajan ◽  
Navdeep Dhillon ◽  
Nashita Patel ◽  
Shibani Pokras
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissue Sarcoma ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Wide Range

e23577 Background: Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is a rare malignancy with an annual incidence rate of < 5 cases per 100,000 persons; outcomes for metastatic STS (mSTS) are poor. A targeted literature review was conducted to quantify the efficacy/effectiveness of current mSTS therapies. Methods: A structured search based on the population, intervention, comparator, outcome, study type (PICOS) framework was performed on articles (2009–2019) in MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central. Limited congress searches (ESMO, AACR, ASCO 2016–2018/2019) were also conducted. Clinical trials (CT) and observational studies (Obs) involving patients (pts, any age) with advanced mSTS receiving any pharmacological intervention were included. After screening, selected efficacy (CT) or effectiveness (Obs) endpoints (including progression-free survival [PFS], overall survival [OS], overall response rate, and duration of response) stratified by line of treatment (LOT, if available) were extracted. Results: Overall, 85 studies (56 CT, 29 Obs) met inclusion criteria; study size was 20–4,274 pts. PFS and OS (from 70 studies) were reported for pts with mSTS treated with a wide range of interventions including doxorubicin, trabectedin, pazopanib, and gemcitabine. Across any LOT, median PFS ranged 1.5–9.3 months in CT and 2.1–11.0 months in Obs; ranges were 5.7─28.8 months and 7.0─38.6 months, respectively, for OS. Median PFS and OS were generally lower with later (vs initial) LOT; few studies assessed ≥4 LOT (Table). Outcome data (any LOT) for trabectedin and pazopanib (the only approved targeted mSTS treatments) are shown in Table. Conclusions: This review of the efficacy/effectiveness of current treatments highlights the unmet clinical need for therapies that improve survival outcomes in pts with mSTS. Results may be influenced by small sample size, pt population, and care improvements over the period studied. [Table: see text]

A Double-Layer, Multi-Resolution Classification Model for Decoding Spatiotemporal Patterns of Spikes with Small Sample Size

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Xiwei She ◽  
Theodore W. Berger ◽  
Dong Song
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Double Layer ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
B Spline ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Input Signals

Abstract We build a double-layer, multiple temporal-resolution classification model for decoding single-trial spatiotemporal patterns of spikes. The model takes spiking activities as input signals and binary behavioral or cognitive variables as output signals and represents the input-output mapping with a double-layer ensemble classifier. In the first layer, to solve the underdetermined problem caused by the small sample size and the very high dimensionality of input signals, B-spline functional expansion and L1-regularized logistic classifiers are used to reduce dimensionality and yield sparse model estimations. A wide range of temporal resolutions of neural features is included by using a large number of classifiers with different numbers of B-spline knots. Each classifier serves as a base learner to classify spatiotemporal patterns into the probability of the output label with a single temporal resolution. A bootstrap aggregating strategy is used to reduce the estimation variances of these classifiers. In the second layer, another L1-regularized logistic classifier takes outputs of first-layer classifiers as inputs to generate the final output predictions. This classifier serves as a meta-learner that fuses multiple temporal resolutions to classify spatiotemporal patterns of spikes into binary output labels. We test this decoding model with both synthetic and experimental data recorded from rats and human subjects performing memory-dependent behavioral tasks. Results show that this method can effectively avoid overfitting and yield accurate prediction of output labels with small sample size. The double-layer, multi-resolution classifier consistently outperforms the best single-layer, single-resolution classifier by extracting and utilizing multi-resolution spatiotemporal features of spike patterns in the classification.

Estimation of genetic parameters for agonistic behaviour of pigs at different ages

2016 ◽  
Vol 154 (4) ◽  
pp. 732-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. SCHEFFLER ◽  
E. STAMER ◽  
I. TRAULSEN ◽  
J. KRIETER
Keyword(s):  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Agonistic Behaviour ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Wide Range

SUMMARYThe mixing of pigs unacquainted with each other in commercial pig production is a standard procedure which leads to agonistic interactions with a wide range of individual pig behaviour. Hence, the aims of the present study were to assess the heritabilities of agonistic behaviour and to estimate correlations between three different age groups (weaned pigs n = 1111, growing pigs n = 446 and breeding gilts n = 279). The behavioural observation analysis included a period of 17 h directly after mixing as weaned pigs, growing pigs and breeding gilts (220 days of age) whereby the following agonistic traits were observed: number of fights (NF), duration of fights (DF), initiated fights (IF), received fights (RF), fights won (FW) and fights lost (FL). The behaviour of the weaned and growing pigs was significantly influenced by cross-fostering, their weight at mixing and litter attributes. Cross-fostered animals showed fewer agonistic interactions as weaned pigs and as growing pigs than non-cross-fostered animals. The influence of weight revealed that heavier pigs had a higher NF score at weaning and as growing pigs. The random litter effect explained up to 0·08 of the total variance in weaned and 0·04 in growing pigs, whereby this could partly be explained by litter size. Pigs from larger litters tended to have more agonistic interactions. The heritabilities of the recorded traits were at a low to medium level but similar between the age groups. There were high correlations between NF and all other traits in weaned pigs. The trait IF showed that the more fights a pig initiated, the more it won. This was also found for growing pigs and breeding gilts. The relationships between the age groups provided no uniform trend. The phenotypic correlations were low and the genetic correlations varied widely, partly due to the small sample size.

scholarly journals Luxury fashion retailers' localised marketing strategies in practice – evidence from China

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huifeng Bai ◽  
Julie McColl ◽  
Christopher Moore
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
International Retailing ◽  
Post Entry ◽  
Product Strategies

PurposeFrom an international retailing perspective, this empirical study aims to examine luxury fashion retailers' changing marketing strategies in China.Design/methodology/approachUsing case studies of 14 luxury fashion retailers, qualitative data were collected via 31 semi-structured executive interviews.FindingsBoth standardised global and localised multinational marketing strategies were found to have initially been employed by luxury fashion retailers entering into China. Subsequently, localised multinational strategies became increasingly important for their post-entry operations and business development, particularly in terms of their product strategies. More specifically, as well as the introduction of Chinese brand names, product design has been adapted according to Chinese market conditions, and product portfolios have been adapted to satisfy regional differences. However, localised product sourcing in China is far less common.Research limitations/implicationsAs the findings are generated from China, they may not explain luxury fashion retailers' marketing strategies in other markets. Despite the relatively small sample size, the 14 luxury fashion retailer case studies originate from across a wide range of countries, retail formats and ownership structures and are therefore considered to be varied enough to represent the market.Practical implicationsThe study offers practitioners insights into the success that can be generated by the manipulation of marketing strategies, particularly product strategies, within the world's second biggest luxury market.Originality/valueThis paper extends the current international retailing literature by examining and comparing the motives and practices of luxury fashion retailers and the increasing localisation of their marketing strategies in China as they move from initial market entry into their post-entry operations.

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