scholarly journals Innovative Solid Formulations for Rocket Propulsion

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Tonino DeLuca
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Rocket Propulsion ◽  
Rocket Propellants ◽  
Dual Metal ◽  
To Come ◽  
Solid Rocket

Solid rocket propulsion enjoys several unique properties favoring its use in space exploration and military missions still for decades to come, in spite of being by far the most mature propulsion technology among those currently employed. Yet, solid rocket propellants also suffer a limited performance in terms of gravimetric specifi c impulse. Although many high-energy density materials have been identifi ed, most of them are far from being practically usable in the short range due to a variety of severe diffi culties, including cost considerations. Presently, no integrated vehicle designs make use of these potential propellant ingredients<br />and formulations. Work is continuing worldwide and a broad overview will be discussed in this paper based on a joint international editorial effort just completed. After a quick historical survey, the current situation in terms of advanced solid oxidizers, metal fuels, and binder systems is scrutinized. Particular attention is paid to Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN)-based formulations to overcome the limitations of the currently used ones based on Ammonium Perchlorate (AP). The latter imply not only a limited gravimetric specifi c impulse but also a negative impact on the environment because of copious emissions of hydrochloric acid (HCl) as well as personal health because of perchlorate competition with iodide in entering the thyroid gland. Based on recent experimental investigations, due to its intrinsic ballistic properties, it turns out that ADN-based dual-oxidizer systems with Albased dual-metal fuels and inert or energetic binders are promising solutions for a variety of solid rocket propulsion aiming respectively at minimizing environmental impact (ADN + Ammonium Nitrate AN) or maximizing performance (ADN + AP). Yet, a lot of work remains to be done in order to upgrade these formulations to industrial applications. In particular, adequate analyses of manufacture, mechanical, and hazard properties are required.

Innovative Solid Rocket Propellant Formulations for Space Propulsion

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi T. DeLuca ◽  
Manfred A. Bohn ◽  
Volker Gettwert ◽  
Volker Weiser ◽  
Claudio Tagliabue
Keyword(s):  
Short Range ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Specific Impulse ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Space Propulsion ◽  
Energy Materials ◽  
Rocket Propulsion ◽  
Dual Metal ◽  
To Come ◽  
Solid Rocket

Solid rocket propulsion enjoys unique properties favoring its use in space exploration and military missions still for decades to come. Yet, it also suffers a limited performance especially in terms of gravimetric specific impulse. Although new high-energy materials have been identified, most of them are far from being practically usable in the short range. Presently, no integrated vehicle designs make use of these new ingredients. A broad overview is discussed in this paper and attention is paid to Ammonium Dinitramide, ADN to overcome the current limitations of Ammonium Perchlorate, AP. The latter imply not only a limited gravimetric specific impulse but also a negative impact on the environment and personal health. ADN-based dual-oxidizer formulations, with Al-based dual-metal fuels and inert or energetic binders, are promising solutions for a variety of solid rocket propulsion missions aiming respectively at minimizing environmental impact (ADN + AN) or maximizing performance (ADN + AP).

scholarly journals A Compact Review of Laser Welding Technologies for Amorphous Alloys

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1690
Author(s):  
Jian Qiao ◽  
Peng Yu ◽  
Yanxiong Wu ◽  
Taixi Chen ◽  
Yixin Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Alloy ◽  
Laser Welding ◽  
Amorphous Alloys ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Fast Heating

Amorphous alloys have emerged as important materials for precision machinery, energy conversion, information processing, and aerospace components. This is due to their unique structure and excellent properties, including superior strength, high elasticity, and excellent corrosion resistance, which have attracted the attention of many researchers. However, the size of the amorphous alloy components remains limited, which affects industrial applications. Significant developments in connection with this technology are urgently needed. Laser welding represents an efficient welding method that uses a laser beam with high energy-density for heating. Laser welding has gradually become a research hotspot as a joining method for amorphous alloys due to its fast heating and cooling rates. In this compact review, the current status of research into amorphous-alloy laser welding technology is discussed, the influence of technological parameters and other welding conditions on welding quality is analyzed, and an outlook on future research and development is provided. This paper can serve as a useful reference for both fundamental research and engineering applications in this field.

scholarly journals Metals and Alloys Additives as Enhancer for Rocket Propulsion: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Izham Izzat Ismail ◽  
Norhuda Hidayah Nordin ◽  
Muhammad Hanafi Azami ◽  
Nur Azam Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Specific Impulse ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Regression Rate ◽  
High Entropy ◽  
Rocket Propulsion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Metal Additives

A rocket's engine usually uses fuel and oxygen as propellants to increase the rocket's projection during launch. Nowadays, metallic ingredients are commonly used in the rocket’s operation to increase its performance. Metallic ingredients have a high energy density, flame temperature, and regression rate that are important factors in the propulsion process. There is a wide range of additives have been reported so far as catalysts for rocket propulsion. The studies show that the presence of metal additives improves the regression rate, specific impulse and combustion efficiency. Herein, the common energetic additives for rocket propulsion such as metal and light metals are reviewed. Besides the effect of these energetic particles on the regression behaviors of base (hybrid) fuel has been exclusively discussed. This paper also proposed a new alloy namely high entropy alloys (HEAs) as a new energetic additive that can potentially increase the performance of the rocket propellant system.

Design of a Compliant Industrial Gripper Driven by a Bistable Shape Memory Alloy Actuator

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Scholtes ◽  
Stefan Seelecke ◽  
Gianluca Rizzello ◽  
Paul Motzki
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Actuation System ◽  
First Results ◽  
Functional Prototype ◽  
And Control

Abstract Within industrial manufacturing most processing steps are accompanied by transporting and positioning of workpieces. The active interfaces between handling system and workpiece are industrial grippers, which often are driven by pneumatics, especially in small scale areas. On the way to higher energy efficiency and digital factories, companies are looking for new actuation technologies with more sensor integration and better efficiencies. Commonly used actuators like solenoids and electric engines are in many cases too heavy and large for direct integration into the gripping system. Due to their high energy density shape memory alloys (SMA) are suited to overcome those drawbacks of conventional actuators. Additionally, they feature self-sensing abilities that lead to sensor-less monitoring and control of the actuation system. Another drawback of conventional grippers is their design, which is based on moving parts with linear guides and bearings. These parts are prone to wear, especially in abrasive environments. This can be overcome by a compliant gripper design that is based on flexure hinges and thus dispenses with joints, bearings and guides. In the presented work, the development process of a functional prototype for a compliant gripper driven by a bistable SMA actuation unit for industrial applications is outlined. The focus lies on the development of the SMA actuator, while the first design approach for the compliant gripper mechanism with solid state joints is proposed. The result is a working gripper-prototype which is mainly made of 3D-printed parts. First results of validation experiments are discussed.

Experimental Investigation of the Diffuser Vane Clearance Effect in a Centrifugal Compressor Stage With Adjustable Diffuser Geometry—Part I: Compressor Performance Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Ubben ◽  
Reinhard Niehuis
Keyword(s):  
Centrifugal Compressor ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Flow Phenomena ◽  
Compressor Performance ◽  
Compressor Map ◽  
The Impact

Adjustable diffuser vanes offer an attractive design option for centrifugal compressors applied in industrial applications. However, the knowledge about the impact on compressor performance of a diffuser vane clearance between vane and diffuser wall is still not satisfying. This two-part paper summarizes results of experimental investigations performed with an industrial-like centrifugal compressor. Particular attention was directed toward the influence of the diffuser clearance on the operating behavior of the entire stage, the pressure recovery in the diffuser, and on the diffuser flow by a systematic variation of the parameters diffuser clearance height, diffuser vane angle, radial gap between impeller exit and diffuser inlet, and rotor speed. Compressor map measurements provide a summary of the operating behavior related to diffuser geometry and impeller speed, whereas detailed flow measurements with temperature and pressure probes allow a breakdown of the losses between impeller and diffuser and contribute to a better understanding of relevant flow phenomena. The results presented in Part I show that an one-sided diffuser clearance does not necessarily has a negative impact on the operation and loss behavior of the centrifugal compressor, but instead may contribute to an increased pressure ratio and improved efficiency as long as the diffuser passage is broad enough with respect to the clearance height. The flow phenomena responsible for this detected performance behavior are exposed in Part II, where the results of detailed measurements with pressure probes at diffuser exit and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements conducted inside the diffuser channel are discussed. The experimental results are published as an open computational fluid dynamics (CFD) testcase “Radiver 2.”

Nano-Scale Copper Oxide: Preparation, Characterization and its Effect on the Thermal Behavior of Ammonium Perchlorate

2019 ◽  
Vol 818 ◽  
pp. 134-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yehia ◽  
A. Elbeih ◽  
Waleed F. Aly
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Behavior ◽  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Energetic Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Energy Materials ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
Rocket Propellants ◽  
Nano Scale ◽  
Solid Rocket

A new generation of high energy materials depends on the use of Nano-particle oxides. Nano-scale copper oxide (nano-CuO) has large surface area and surface energy which is suitable for its application in the field of energetic materials. This manuscript reports a method for the synthesis of nano-CuO by a liquid-state reaction method. The prepared nano-CuO was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to check the particles size, purity and morphology of the crystals. The effect of Nano-CuO on the thermal behavior of AP was tested by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results proved that the average particle sizes of the nano-cuo particles are in the range of 10-20 nm. The thermal degradation rate of AP was increased by 23% in the presence of 1% nano-CuO and the heat release was increased by 51%. It was concluded that nano-CuO could have obvious effect on the burning behavior, performance and combustion characteristics of the solid rocket propellants.

Joining of Tubular Parts by Electromagnetic Forming; Experimental Investigations

2014 ◽  
Vol 792 ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pál Rácz ◽  
Nándor Göbl ◽  
Daniel Horváth ◽  
Athanasios G. Mamalis
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Dissimilar Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Electromagnetic Forming ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
High Speed Forming

Electromagnetic forming is a high speed forming process, wherein the forming pressure is created by high energy density electromagnetic pulse. Besides direct shaping there are other application areas as well, so electromagnetic plastic forming is a potential field of creating joints between tube and rod-like components. Connecting components of dissimilar materials is an increasing demand in the manufacturing process of structures in the automotive industry. The application of new technologies, such as electrodynamic, especially electromagnetic forming, is a possible method to satisfy these demands. The article summarizes the most important fundamentals of electromagnetic forming; in particular, tube-rod joints, the main types of such joints; interference-fit and form-fit joints are described. Experiments, which were carried out producing tube-rod joints with electromagnetic forming, are also introduced. A new type of form-fit joints for tube-rod connections has been developed, which can withstand not only tensile loads but also torsion. Experiments and mechanical tests have proved the applicability of this kind of joints.

Design and Testing of a Micromix Combustor With Recuperative Wall Cooling for a Hydrogen Fuelled μ-Scale Gas Turbine

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Robinson ◽  
H. H.-W. Funke ◽  
P. Hendrick ◽  
R. Wagemakers
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Micro Scale

For more than a decade up to now there is an ongoing interest in small gas turbines downsized to micro-scale. With their high energy density they offer a great potential as a substitute for today’s unwieldy accumulators, found in a variety of applications like laptops, small tools etc. But micro-scale gas turbines could not only be used for generating electricity, they could also produce thrust for powering small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or similar devices. Beneath all the great design challenges with the rotating parts of the turbomachinery at this small scale, another crucial item is in fact the combustion chamber needed for a safe and reliable operation. With the so called regular micromix burning principle for hydrogen successfully downscaled in an initial combustion chamber prototype of 10 kW energy output, this paper describes a new design attempt aimed at the integration possibilities in a μ-scale gas turbine. For manufacturing the combustion chamber completely out of stainless steel components, a recuperative wall cooling was introduced to keep the temperatures in an acceptable range. Also a new way of an integrated ignition was developed. The detailed description of the prototype’s design is followed by an in depth report about the test results. The experimental investigations comprise a set of mass flow variations, coupled with a variation of the equivalence ratio for each mass flow at different inlet temperatures and pressures. With the data obtained by an exhaust gas analysis, a full characterisation concerning combustion efficiency and stability of the prototype chamber is possible. Furthermore the data show a full compliance with the expected operating requirements of the designated μ-scale gas turbine.

scholarly journals The Current Process for the Recycling of Spent Lithium Ion Batteries

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Feng Zhou ◽  
Dongrun Yang ◽  
Tao Du ◽  
He Gong ◽  
Wen-Bin Luo
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Transition Metal Oxides ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
Storage Devices

With the development of electric vehicles involving lithium ion batteries as energy storage devices, the demand for lithium ion batteries in the whole industry is increasing, which is bound to lead to a large number of lithium ion batteries in the problem of waste, recycling and reuse. If not handled properly, it will certainly have a negative impact on the environment and resources. Current commercial lithium ion batteries mainly contain transition metal oxides or phosphates, aluminum, copper, graphite, organic electrolytes containing harmful lithium salts, and other chemicals. Therefore, the recycling and reuse of spent lithium ion batteries has been paid more and more attention by many researchers. However, due to the high energy density, high safety and low price of lithium ion batteries have great differences and diversity, the recycling of waste lithium ion batteries has great difficulties. This paper reviews the latest development of the recovery technology of waste lithium ion batteries, including the development of recovery process and products. In addition, the challenges and future economic and application prospects are described.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document