Cigarette price increases, advertising ban, and pictorial warnings as determinants of youth smoking initiation in Poland

Background: Smoking was among the top contributors to deaths and disability as the prevalence among male adults remains high, and that among male youth increases in Indonesia. While local studies have shown high visibility of outdoor tobacco advertising around schools, the country still has no outdoor tobacco advertising ban. Objective: To examine the association between youth smoking behavior and measures of outdoor tobacco advertising density and proximity in Indonesia. Methods: We combined two primary data sources, including outdoor tobacco advertising and smoking behavior among male youth in Semarang city. We randomly selected and interviewed 400 male students at 20 high schools in the city. In addition, we interviewed 492 male adults who lived near the schools for comparison. Results: We found significant associations between smoking use among youth (but not among adults) and measures of outdoor tobacco advertising density and proximity in Semarang city. Youth at schools with medium and high density of outdoor tobacco advertising were up to 2.16 times more likely to smoke, compared to those with low density. Similarly, youth at senior high schools with proximity to outdoor tobacco advertising were 2.8 times more likely to smoke. Also, young people at poorer-neighborhood schools with a higher density of and proximity to outdoor tobacco advertising were up to 5.16 times more likely to smoke. Conclusions: There were significant associations between smoking use among male youth (but not among male adults) and measures of outdoor tobacco advertising density and proximity in Indonesia. This highlights the need to introduce an outdoor tobacco advertising ban effectively, at least near schools.

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OP57 #Does parental smoking explain impacts of smoke-free public places legislation on youth smoking initiation in the UK?

10.1136/jech-2018-ssmabstracts.56 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

PE Anyanwu ◽

P Craig ◽

SV Katikireddi ◽

MJ Green

Keyword(s):

Smoking Initiation ◽

Parental Smoking ◽

Youth Smoking ◽

Public Places ◽

The Uk

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Impact of The Real Cost Media Campaign on Youth Smoking Initiation

American Journal of Preventive Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.amepre.2019.06.011 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 57 (5) ◽

pp. 645-651 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jennifer C. Duke ◽

Anna J. MacMonegle ◽

James M. Nonnemaker ◽

Matthew C. Farrelly ◽

Janine C. Delahanty ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smoking Initiation ◽

Media Campaign ◽

Youth Smoking ◽

The Real ◽

Real Cost

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How Do HIV-Infected Smokers React to Cigarette Price Increases? Evidence from the Aproco-Copilote-ANRS CO8 Cohort

Current HIV Research ◽

10.2174/157016209788680624 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 462-467 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Patrick Peretti-Watel ◽

Virginie Villes ◽

Xavier Duval ◽

Fideline Collin ◽

Jacques Reynes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Price ◽

Price Increases

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Social influences and self-efficacy as predictors of youth smoking initiation and cessation: a 3-year longitudinal study of vocational high school students in Taiwan

Addiction ◽

10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01607.x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 101 (11) ◽

pp. 1645-1655 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Fong-Ching Chang ◽

Ching-Mei Lee ◽

Hsiang-Ru Lai ◽

Jeng-Tung Chiang ◽

Pi-Hsia Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Social Influences ◽

Smoking Initiation ◽

Youth Smoking ◽

Vocational High School ◽

School Students

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Youth vaping and smoking and parental vaping: a cross-sectional survey

10.21203/rs.2.22187/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Green ◽

Linsay Gray ◽

Helen Sweeting

Keyword(s):

Smoking Status ◽

Smoking Initiation ◽

Smoking Behaviour ◽

Youth Smoking ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Unmeasured Confounding ◽

Increase Risk ◽

Alternative Scenarios ◽

Negative Impacts

Abstract Background: Concerns remain about potential negative impacts of e-cigarettes including possibilities that: youth e-cigarette use (vaping) increases risk of youth smoking; and vaping by parents may have impacts on their children’s vaping and smoking behaviour. Methods: With cross-sectional data from 3291 youth aged 10-15 years from the Understanding Society Survey, we estimated effects of youth vaping on youth smoking (ever, current and initiation in the past year), and of parental vaping on youth smoking and vaping, and examined whether the latter differed by parental smoking status. Propensity weighting was used to adjust for measured confounders and estimate effects of vaping under alternative scenarios of no vaping vs universal adoption, and vs observed vaping levels. E-values were calculated to assess the strength of unmeasured confounding influences needed to negate our estimates. Results: Associations between youth vaping and youth smoking were attenuated considerably by adjustment for measured confounders. Estimated effects of youth vaping on youth smoking were stronger comparing no use to universal adoption (e.g. OR for smoking initiation: 32.5; 95% CI: 9.8-107.1) than to observed levels of youth vaping (OR: 4.4; 0.6-30.9). Relatively strong unmeasured confounding would be needed to explain these effects. Associations between parental vaping and youth vaping were explained by measured confounders. However, estimates for parental vaping on youth smoking indicated effects, especially for youth with ex-smoking parents (e.g. OR for smoking initiation: 11.3; 2.7-46.4) rather than youth with currently smoking parents (OR: 1.0; 0.2-6.4). Relatively weak unmeasured confounding could explain these parental vaping effects. Conclusions: While results for youth vaping and youth smoking associations indicated support for underlying propensities, estimated effects still required considerable unmeasured confounding to be explained fully. However, these estimates from cross-sectional data could also be explained by smoking leading to vaping. Stronger estimates for universal vaping adoption vs observed usage, indicated that if youth vaping does increase risk of youth smoking, this effect may be stronger in the general population of youth, than among those youth who typically vape. Associations of parental vaping with youth smoking and vaping were either explained by measured confounding or could be relatively easily explained by unmeasured confounding.

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Examining the relationship of vaping to smoking initiation among US youth and young adults: a reality check

Tobacco Control ◽

10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054446 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (6) ◽

pp. 629-635 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

David T Levy ◽

Kenneth E Warner ◽

K Michael Cummings ◽

David Hammond ◽

Charlene Kuo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Electronic Cigarettes ◽

Population Level ◽

Smoking Initiation ◽

Data Sets ◽

Youth Smoking ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Youth And Young Adults ◽

The Usa ◽

Multiple Data Sets

BackgroundThe 2018 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Report found substantial evidence that electronic cigarette use (vaping) by youth is strongly associated with an increased risk of ever using cigarettes (smoking) and moderately associated with progressing to more established smoking. However, the Report also noted that recent increases in vaping have been associated with declining rates of youth smoking. This paper examines the temporal relationship between vaping and youth smoking using multiple data sets to explore the question of whether vaping promotes smoking initiation in the USA.MethodsUsing publicly available, nationally representative data on smoking and vaping among youth and young adults, we conducted a trend line analysis of deviations from long-term trends in smoking starting from when vaping became more prevalent.ResultsThere was a substantial increase in youth vaping prevalence beginning in about 2014. Time trend analyses showed that the decline in past 30-day smoking prevalence accelerated by two to four times after 2014. Indicators of more established smoking rates, including the proportion of daily smokers among past 30-day smokers, also decreased more rapidly as vaping became more prevalent.ConclusionsThe inverse relationship between vaping and smoking was robust across different data sets for both youth and young adults and for current and more established smoking. While trying electronic cigarettes may causally increase smoking among some youth, the aggregate effect at the population level appears to be negligible given the reduction in smoking initiation during the period of vaping’s ascendance.

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Impact of UK Tobacco Control Policies on Inequalities in Youth Smoking Uptake: A Natural Experiment Study

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/ntaa101 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

pp. 1973-1980 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Philip Emeka Anyanwu ◽

Peter Craig ◽

Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi ◽

Michael James Green

Keyword(s):

Parental Education ◽

Smoking Initiation ◽

Youth Smoking ◽

Public Places ◽

Tobacco Control Policies ◽

Occasional Smoking ◽

Smoking Uptake ◽

Tobacco Taxation ◽

Smoking Transitions

Abstract Introduction UK countries implemented smoke-free public places legislation and increased the legal age for tobacco purchase from 16 to 18 years between 2006 and 2008. We evaluated the immediate and long-term impacts of these UK policy changes on youth smoking uptake and inequalities therein. Aims and Methods We studied 74 960 person-years of longitudinal data from 14 992 youths (aged 11–15 years) in annual UK household surveys between 1994 and 2016. Discrete-time event history analyses examined whether changes in rates of youth smoking transitions (initiation, experimentation, and escalation to daily smoking or quitting) or their inequalities (by parental education) were associated with policy implementation. Parallel analyses examined smoke-free legislation and the change in legal age. We interpret the results as a combined effect of the two pieces of legislation as their implementation dates were too close to identify separate effects. Models were adjusted for sex, age, UK country, historical year, tobacco taxation, and e-cigarette prevalence, with multiple imputation for missing data. Results For both policies, smoking initiation reduced following implementation (change in legal age odds ratio [OR]: 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55 to 0.81; smoke-free legislation OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.56 to 0.82), while inequalities in initiation narrowed over subsequent years. The legal age change was associated with annual increases in progression from initiation to occasional smoking (OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.50) and a reduction in quitting following implementation (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.94). Similar effects were observed for smoke-free legislation but CIs overlapped the null. Conclusions Policies such as these may be highly effective in preventing and reducing socioeconomic inequalities in youth smoking initiation. Implications UK implementation of smoke-free legislation and an increase in the legal age for tobacco purchase from 16 to 18 years were associated with an immediate reduction in smoking initiation and a narrowing of inequalities in initiation over subsequent years. While the policies were associated with reductions in the initiation, progression to occasional smoking increased and quitting decreased following the legislation.

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Effectiveness of Text-Only Cigarette Health Warnings in Japan: Findings from the 2018 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Japan Survey

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17030952 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 952 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Janet Chung-Hall ◽

Geoffrey T. Fong ◽

Gang Meng ◽

Mi Yan ◽

Takahiro Tabuchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Control ◽

Health Risks ◽

Regression Models ◽

Smoking Initiation ◽

Effective Strategy ◽

Health Warnings ◽

Cigarette Smokers ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Pictorial Warnings

Health warnings are an effective strategy for communicating the health harms of smoking, encouraging quitting, and preventing smoking initiation. This study examines the effectiveness of existing text-only health warnings, identifies key predictors of warning effectiveness, and assesses support for pictorial warnings in Japan. Data are from the 2018 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Japan Survey, a cohort survey of adult cigarette smokers (n = 3306), dual users of cigarettes and heated tobacco products (n = 555), and non-cigarette smokers (n = 823). Weighted multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess predictors of warning effectiveness and support for pictorial warnings. Overall, 15.6% of respondents noticed warnings, and 7.9% read or looked closely at warnings. Overall, 10.3% of smokers and dual users said the warnings stopped them from having a cigarette, and 7.2% avoided warnings. Overall, 27.5% of respondents said the warnings made them think about health risks of smoking, but only 2.7% of smokers and dual users said the warnings made them more likely to quit. Overall, 57.6% of respondents supported pictorial warnings. The weak effectiveness of Japan’s text-only warnings is consistent with that in other countries with similar warnings. There is majority support for pictorial warnings in Japan, although the level of support is lower than in other countries.

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