scholarly journals The evolving role of ribosomes in the regulation of protein synthesis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Gościńska ◽  
Ulrike Topf
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Target Specificity ◽  
Cellular Homeostasis ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Polypeptide Chains

Maintenance of the cellular homeostasis is firmly linked with protein synthesis. Therefore, it is tightly controlled at multiple levels. An advancement in quantitative techniques, mainly over the last decade, shed new light on the regulation of protein production, which pointed the ribosome as a new player. Ribosomes are macromolecular machines that synthesize polypeptide chains using mRNA as a template. The enormous complexity of ribosomes provides many possibilities of changes in their composition and consecutively in their target specificity. However, it is not clear how this specialization is enforced by the cell and which stimuli provoke that diversity. This review presents an overview of currently available knowledge about ribosome heterogeneity, focusing on changes in protein composition, and their role in the control of translation specificity. Importantly, besides the potential advantage of ribosome-mediated regulation of protein synthesis, its failure can play a crucial role in disease development.

scholarly journals ABERRANT INTRANUCLEOLAR MATURATION OF RIBOSOMAL PRECURSORS IN THE ABSENCE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 554-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nessly C. Craig ◽  
Robert P. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Buoyant Density ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Maturation Process ◽  
Variable Response ◽  
Protein Complement

To help elucidate the role of protein in the maturation of ribosomal RNA in cultured L cells, we have studied the effects of cycloheximide upon the maturation process and upon the intranucleolar ribonucleoprotein particles containing the "preribosomal RNA's." Five parameters of these particles were analyzed: (a) extractability, (b) sedimentation characteristics in sucrose gradients, (c) RNA composition, (d) buoyant density in CsCl gradients, and (e) effects of increased ionic strength on the buoyant density. When protein synthesis is inhibited, the rate of conversion of the precursor 45S ribosomal RNA is rapidly diminished, falling to less than 30% of the control rate within 1 hr. Nevertheless, in terms of the first three parameters there is no difference between control and cycloheximide nucleolar particles. However, the cycloheximide particles have a lower and more heterogeneous buoyant density and a more variable response to increased ionic strength. The results imply that the protein composition of the cycloheximide particles is different from that of particles from control cells, and that the entire protein complement is not necessary for the first cleavages in the maturation process, although it is necessary for the normal rate of processing and for the eventual appearance of both 18S and 28S rRNA in mature ribosomes.

scholarly journals From Messengers to Receptors in Psoriasis: The Role of IL-17RA in Disease and Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6740
Author(s):  
Silvia Vidal ◽  
Lluís Puig ◽  
José-Manuel Carrascosa-Carrillo ◽  
Álvaro González-Cantero ◽  
José-Carlos Ruiz-Carrascosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Th17 Cells ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Receptor Complex ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

The paradigm of psoriasis as a Th17-driven disease has evolved in the last years towards a much deeper knowledge of the complex pathways, mechanisms, cells, and messengers involved, highlighting the crucial role played by the IL-17 family of cytokines. All IL-17 isoforms signal through IL-17R. Five subunits of IL-17R have been described to date, which couple to form a homo- or hetero-receptor complex. Characteristically, IL-17RA is a common subunit in all hetero-receptors. IL-17RA has unique structural—containing a SEFIR/TILL domain—and functional—requiring ACT-1 for signaling—properties, enabling Th17 cells to act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immune cells. In psoriasis, IL-17RA plays a key role in pathogenesis based on: (a) IL-17A, IL-17F, and other IL-17 isoforms are involved in disease development; and (b) IL-17RA is essential for signaling of all IL-17 cytokines but IL-17D, whose receptor has not been identified to date. This article reviews current evidence on the biology and role of the IL-17 family of cytokines and receptors, with focus on IL-17RA, in psoriasis and some related comorbidities, and puts them in context with current and upcoming treatments.

scholarly journals The Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Post-Translational Modifications in Regulating its Localisation, Stability and Activity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Albanese ◽  
Leonard A. Daly ◽  
Daniela Mennerich ◽  
Thomas Kietzmann ◽  
Violaine Sée
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Oxygen Availability ◽  
Signalling Pathway ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factors ◽  
Cellular Homeostasis ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Alpha Subunits

The hypoxia signalling pathway enables adaptation of cells to decreased oxygen availability. When oxygen becomes limiting, the central transcription factors of the pathway, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), are stabilised and activated to induce the expression of hypoxia-regulated genes, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis. Whilst hydroxylation has been thoroughly described as the major and canonical modification of the HIF-α subunits, regulating both HIF stability and activity, a range of other post-translational modifications decorating the entire protein play also a crucial role in altering HIF localisation, stability, and activity. These modifications, their conservation throughout evolution and their effects on HIF-dependent signalling are discussed in this review.

scholarly journals The Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Post-Translational Modifications in Regulating Its Localisation, Stability, and Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 268
Author(s):  
Adam Albanese ◽  
Leonard A. Daly ◽  
Daniela Mennerich ◽  
Thomas Kietzmann ◽  
Violaine Sée
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Oxygen Availability ◽  
Signalling Pathway ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factors ◽  
Cellular Homeostasis ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Α Subunits

The hypoxia signalling pathway enables adaptation of cells to decreased oxygen availability. When oxygen becomes limiting, the central transcription factors of the pathway, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), are stabilised and activated to induce the expression of hypoxia-regulated genes, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis. Whilst hydroxylation has been thoroughly described as the major and canonical modification of the HIF-α subunits, regulating both HIF stability and activity, a range of other post-translational modifications decorating the entire protein play also a crucial role in altering HIF localisation, stability, and activity. These modifications, their conservation throughout evolution, and their effects on HIF-dependent signalling are discussed in this review.

Epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7-8 films : Crucial role of growth-induced linear defects in microwave properties

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (PR11) ◽  
pp. Pr11-47-Pr11-52
Author(s):  
V. M. Pan ◽  
V. S. Flis ◽  
V. A. Komashko ◽  
O. G. Plys ◽  
C. G. Tretiatchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Microwave Properties ◽  
Linear Defects

ANALISIS YURIDIS PUTUSAN PENGADILAN NEGERI BLORA TENTANG DUALISME KEPENGURUSAN YAYASAN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM KARTAYUDA YANG AKTA PENDIRIANNYA DIBUAT OLEH DAN DIHADAPAN NOTARIS (Studi Kasus Putusan Perkara PN Blora No. 34/Pdt.G/2015/PN.Bla)

Jurnal Akta ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 463
Author(s):  
Muslim Ansori ◽  
Akhmad Khisni
Keyword(s):  
Private Schools ◽  
Education System ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
The Right

With the enactment of the Education System Act no 20 of 2003 (better known as the Sisdiknas Act), the State has determined that educational institutions should have a legal umbrella in the form of a legal entity, or better known as the Legal Entity Education. As a non-profit organization, the Foundation is the right legal entity that becomes a place for educational institutions, especially private schools. Therefore, of course, Notary has a very crucial role in making notary deed in the form of establishment and deed of change, such as example how in making the right basic budget and not multi interpresatasi for stake holders in the foundation. Therefore, the role of function and authority of the organ of the foundation must be clearly stated in the articles of association, so as not to cause a dispute in the future.KEYWORDS: Notaries, Foundation, Organ Foundation,

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