scholarly journals Engineer of a communications A.N. Kulakov as outstanding experts in the field of construction and restoration of railways

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 682-696
Author(s):  
D.D. Saparov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
World War ◽  
Artificial Structures ◽  
The Road ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of

The article is devoted to one of the most interesting personalities in the history of Russian railways – railway engineer Alexander Nikolaevich Kulakov (1875–1928), a prominent specialist in the field of construction and rehabilitation of railways. From 1898 to 1918, he worked on the Nikolaev, Chinese-Eastern, Ryazan-Ural, Warsaw-Vienna, Podolsk, South-Western railways, having gained vast experience in the field of restructuring, construction, restoration of the road and artificial structures in the Russian-Japanese, World War I and the Civil War. The personality of the railway engineer Kulakov is an example of courage and loyalty to his profession in Yugoslavia, where he was forced to emigrate after the end of the Civil War in Russia. The author analyzes the surviving documents of the personal fund transferred to the Central Museum of Railway Transport of Russia and archival materials of the Russian State Historical Archive, on the basis of which the biographical article was prepared.

scholarly journals The “Class Ration” and Food Reserves during the Civil War

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Khodyakov
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Food Distribution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Government ◽  
Food Reserves

This article examines the evolution of the system of rationed food supplies in Russia. The author focuses on specific forms of food distribution during the Civil War, such as “class rations” and food reserves. At the same time, it is emphasised that a rationing system was already in effect in Russia during World War I, and the practice of fixing prices for bread and providing special food norms for certain categories of workers had begun taking shape long before the Bolsheviks came to power. Describing the introduction in 1918 of the “class ration” in Petrograd, the author proposes that the initiative was largely due to the authorities’ attempts to mitigate the growing crisis between the Bolsheviks and some industrial workers. Although the “class ration” dominated among the principles of food distribution, its economic importance should not be overestimated – even the deprivation of the “exploiters” of food could not significantly improve the nutrition of the working population. From this point of view, the introduction of “class rations” only had political significance. In most cases, the local food authorities failed to develop clear criteria to categorise the population. Using documents from the Russian State Archive of the Economy, the author demonstrates that the idea of “class rations” was developed after the establishment in November 1919 of a special commission for the supply of workers at the People’s Commissariat of Food Industry. The formation of the commission was a consequence of policies meant to centralise all aspects of life in Soviet society. Having received emergency powers from the government in supplying the population with food, the commission formed monthly lists of plants and factories and determined groups of enterprises in various sectors of the economy. As a matter of priority, the reservation of food supplies was made to provide workers. However, the norms of state supply were not always implemented and were significantly lower than the needs of the population. The idea of “class rations” was rejected only after the adoption of a decree on 30 April 1920, which declared the transition to a new form of incentives for workers, labour rations.

A NEW WORD IN THE SECURITY OF RUSSIAN REPUBLIC: THE QUESTION OF THE COSSACK ARMY ORGANIZATION IN AUGUST - SEPTEMBER, 1917

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-122
Author(s):  
ALEXEY V. OLEINIKOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
World War I ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
World War ◽  
Soviet Republic ◽  
Systemic Analysis ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The World ◽  
Archival Documents

The objective of the article is to examine projects aimed at strengthening the security of Russia through the formation of a Cossack (cavalry) army. A similar operational and strategic association owes its practical origin to the Soviet Republic; the Whites also had corresponding projects (in particular, those of P.N. Wrangel). The author of the article managed to establish the fact that projects of creation of such formations existed much earlier, in August - September, 1917, and their realization would not only provide safety of the Russian republic, but also would influence the combat effectiveness of the Russian active army and prospects of the final stage of Russia's participation in the World War I. This determines the scientific novelty of the research. The objectives of the article are to analyze the projects of the formation of the Cossack army of the Russian Republic in the summer-autumn of 1917, as well as the reform of the Cossack cavalry, its division into army and strategic cavalry. After the corresponding reform, the Cossack cavalry (including all 3 Astrakhan Cossack regiments) became the most important operational and strategic tool and reserve of the Russian active army at the final stage of World War I. The article is based on previously unpublished archival documents extracted from the archives of the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA). Research methods: archive study, historico-comparative analysis and historico-systemic analysis.

Continental Drift—The Road to Plate Tectonics

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. W. Rogers ◽  
M. Santosh
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Continental Drift ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University

Alfred Wegener never set out to be a geologist. With an education in meteorology and astronomy, his career seemed clear when he was appointed Lecturer in those subjects at the University of Marburg, Germany. It wasn’t until 1912, when Wegener was 32, that he published a paper titled “Die Entstehung der Kontinente” (The origin of the continents) in a recently founded journal called Geologische Rundschau. This meteorologist had just fired the opening shot in a revolution that would change the way that geologists thought about the earth. In a series of publications and talks both before and after World War I, Wegener pressed the idea that continents moved around the earth independently of each other and that the present continents resulted from the splitting of a large landmass (we now call it a “supercontinent”) that previously contained all of the world’s continents. After splitting, they moved to their current positions, closing oceans in front of them and opening new oceans behind them. Wegener and his supporters referred to this process as “continental drift.” The proposal that continents moved around the earth led to a series of investigations and ideas that occupied much of the 20th century. They are now grouped as a set of concepts known as “plate tectonics.” We begin this chapter with an investigation of the history of this development, starting with ideas that preceded Wegener’s proposal. This is followed by a section that describes the reactions of different geologists to the idea of continental drift, including some comments that demonstrate the rancorous nature of the debate. The next section discusses developments between Wegener’s proposal and 1960, when Harry Hess suggested that the history of modern ocean basins is consistent with the concept of drifting continents. We finish the chapter with a brief description of seafloor spreading and leave a survey of plate tectonics to chapter 2. Although Wegener is credited with first proposing continental drift, some tenuous suggestions had already been made. We summarize some of this early history from LeGrand (1988).

MOSCOW — HARBIN: THE LIFE ODYSSEY OF THE WHITE EMIGRANT NIKOLAI GALKIN (1895–1940)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-55
Author(s):  
L.A. Bodrova ◽  
◽  
D.I. Petin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Far East ◽  
First World War ◽  
The State ◽  
State Archive ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

This publication is an analytical review of the ambiguous and complex fate of Nikolai Gavriilovich Galkin, the son of a hereditary nobleman who became a career army officer who took an active part in the First World War and the Civil War, who consistently served in the Russian (imperial) army, and then anti-Bolshevik armed formations in the Russian Far East. The second half of the life of the captain N. G. Galkin was associated with living in China, where the hero of the publication emigrated for political and personal reasons. The aim of our research is to represent, in the context of military anthropology, the forms of adaptation of the «little man» to the conditions of social cataclysms. The methodological concept of the study, based on its genre characteristics, is based on the combined use of the anthropological approach, the theory of social mobility and the biographical method. The basis for the preparation of the article was a complex of previously unpublished sources from the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Historical Archive, the Russian State Military Historical Archive, the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East, the State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan, the State Archive of the Khabarovsk Territory, the archive of the Federal Security Service of Russia in the Novosibirsk Region. Some of these sources were previously in secret storage. Photos and oral history (family information about the hero of the article) have an auxiliary role in the study. In conclusion, the authors emphasize that a conservative upbringing and worldview would not have allowed N.G. Galkin, who had persistent anti-Bolshevik convictions, to find himself in the conditions of Soviet society, and therefore, being in exile was for him the only way out in the conditions of the end of the Civil War and defeat anti- Soviet forces. The work is addressed to a wide range of readers, including specialists in the history of the Russian (imperial) army, the First World War and the Civil War, the White movement, the Harbin emigration, mass political repressions in the USSR in the post-war period.

4 Publication and Registration of Treaties in Russia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Butler William E
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
International Law ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives

This chapter focuses on the publication of treaties-a major concern in Russia during the Soviet and post-Soviet eras. This was to prevent the Russian government from engaging in secret diplomacy, as it had been caught doing during World War I. From then on, secret diplomacy was abolished and the secret treaties whose texts were found in Imperial Russian State archives were published, to the discomfiture and embarrassment of the parties on both sides in the War. Soviet international lawyers considered the introduction of the registration and publication of treaties to be a significant contribution of their country to international law. However, the early Soviet legislation on the conclusion, ratification, and denunciation of treaties contained no provisions regarding their publication until 1924. Aside from the history of treaty publication, the chapter also outlines some treaty-relevant legislation.

scholarly journals Doe v. Ashcroft and Its Place in the Judicial Trend: How the Courts Have Advanced Civil Liberties in Step with Advances in Technology

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig M. Glasgow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
The United States ◽  
Habeas Corpus ◽  
World War ◽  
Espionage Act ◽  
War Effort ◽  
History Of

As many jurists and scholars have noted, the United States has a long-standing history of encroaching upon the civil liberties of its citizens, especially during times of war or conflict.2 For instance, during the Civil War, President Lincoln unilaterally suspended the writ of habeas corpus in response to increased violence and the threat of Southern succession.3 During World War I, Postmaster General Albert Burleson used the Espionage Act to suspend mailing privileges for certain “non-mailable” materials, such as newspapers and other dissident publications critical of the war effort.4

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