Cold Tolerance of Hickory Shuckworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Larvae and Associated Parasites

1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Yonce ◽  
W. L. Tedders ◽  
B. W. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Cydia Caryana ◽  
Parasite Emergence

Hickory shuckworm larvae, Cydia caryana (Fitch), in pecan shucks, were killed by extended periods of freezing temperature. While storage at −7°C killed 88% of larvae after 32 days of exposure, −18°C killed 85% after only 1 day and 100% by 8 to 16 days of exposure. Larvae exposed to cold temperatures prior to −18°C exposure appeared to possess enhanced cold resistance but were still killed after 32 days of exposure. Survival of the ichneumonid parasite, Calliephialtes grapholithae (Cresson), which comprised 92% of the total of all parasites emerging from pecan shucks, was not detectably affected by exposure to cooling (3–5°C) for up to 5 wks. Thereafter, when emergence began to decrease, about half of the parasites in the extended cooling treatment were viable for at least 10 wks. Conversely, 3 other parasites Phanerotoma fasciata Provancher (Braconidae), Macrocentrus instabilis Muesebeck (Braconidae), and Lixophaga mediocris Aldrich (Tachinidae), comprised the remaining 8% of total parasite emergence and survival was severely affected by extended cooling (3–5°C).

Winter Survival Evaluation of 172 Groundcovers in Northern Illinois

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 453d-453
Author(s):  
A.M. Shirazi ◽  
E.A. HedBorn ◽  
S.A. Mehaffey ◽  
A.S. Merritt
Keyword(s):  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Hedera Helix ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Ajuga Reptans ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Cold Damage ◽  
Euonymus Fortunei

The winter hardiness of many groundcover cultivars in northern Illinois is not well-known. This study was designed to evaluate the survival of 172 plants used in the groundcover path at The Morton Arboretum. Once a month, from Sept.1997 to Jan. 1998, the plants chosen for this study were visually evaluated and their vitality rated on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = alive, 5 = dead). All nine cultivars of Euonymus fortunei remained virtually unchanged throughout the study period. Among six cultivars of Hedera helix, only `Gold Heart' showed minor damage in November. Nine Heuchera were evaluated and all exhibited excellent resistance to cold temperatures. While all the Pulmonarias studied showed some cold damage by November, `Bielefeld Pink', `Little Blue', `Roy Davidson', Pulmonaria longifolia var. cevennensis, and Pulmonaria officinalis `Sissinghurst White' fared the best for the longest period of time. Five cultivars of Pachysandra terminalis were included in this study. None had significant damage until November, and then only rated a “2.” Of the eight Ajuga evaluated, Ajuga pyramidalis `Metallica Crispa', and Ajuga reptans `Braunherz', `Catlin's Giant', and `Gaiety', exhibited the best cold resistance. Four Polygonums varied widely in their response to cold temperatures, but all showed signs of severe damage in November. Polygonum `Border Jewel' exhibited the best tolerance, rating a “1” in October, but in November it was given a rating of “4.” Their recovery in spring will be compared.

scholarly journals MaMAPK3-MaICE1-MaPOD P7 pathway, a positive regulator of cold tolerance in banana

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Gao ◽  
Tongxin Dou ◽  
Weidi He ◽  
Ou Sheng ◽  
Fangcheng Bi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Oxidoreductase Activity ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Cavendish Banana ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Necrotic Symptoms

Abstract Background Banana is a tropical fruit with a high economic impact worldwide. Cold stress greatly affects the development and production of banana. Results In the present study, we investigated the functions of MaMAPK3 and MaICE1 involved in cold tolerance of banana. The effect of RNAi of MaMAPK3 on Dajiao (Musa spp. ‘Dajiao’; ABB Group) cold tolerance was evaluated. The leaves of the MaMAPK3 RNAi transgenic plants showed wilting and severe necrotic symptoms, while the wide-type (WT) plants remained normal after cold exposure. RNAi of MaMAPK3 significantly changed the expressions of the cold-responsive genes, and the oxidoreductase activity was significantly changed in WT plants, while no changes in transgenic plants were observed. MaICE1 interacted with MaMAPK3, and the expression level of MaICE1 was significantly decreased in MaMAPK3 RNAi transgenic plants. Over-expression of MaICE1 in Cavendish banana (Musa spp. AAA group) indicated that the cold resistance of transgenic plants was superior to that of the WT plants. The POD P7 gene was significantly up-regulated in MaICE1-overexpressing transgenic plants compared with WT plants, and the POD P7 was proved to interact with MaICE1. Conclusions Taken together, our work provided new and solid evidence that MaMAPK3-MaICE1-MaPOD P7 pathway positively improved the cold tolerance in monocotyledon banana, shedding light on molecular breeding for the cold-tolerant banana or other agricultural species.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Potential Gene Modules Associated with Cold Tolerance in Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Huang ◽  
Yongsheng Liang ◽  
Baoqing Zhang ◽  
Xiupeng Song ◽  
Yangrui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Calcium Signal ◽  
Protein Kinase Activity ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Climate Conditions

AbstractSugarcane is an important crop worldwide, and most sugar is derived directly from sugarcane. Due to its thermophilic nature, the yield of sugarcane is largely influenced by extreme climate conditions, especially cold stress. Therefore, the development of sugarcane with improved cold tolerance is an important goal. However, little is known about the multiple mechanisms underlying cold acclimation at the bud stage in sugarcane. In this study, we emphasized that sensitivity to cold stress was higher for the sugarcane variety ROC22 than for GT42, as determined by physical signs, including bud growth capacity, relative conductivity, malonaldehyde contents, and soluble sugar contents. To understand the factors contributing to the difference in cold tolerance between ROC22 and GT42, comparative transcriptome analyses were performed. We found that genes involved in the regulation of the stability of the membrane system were the relative determinants of difference in cold tolerance. Additionally, genes related to protein kinase activity, starch metabolism, and calcium signal transduction were associated with cold tolerance. Finally, 25 candidate genes, including 23 variety-specific and 2 common genes, and 7 transcription factors were screened out for understanding the possible cold resistance mechanism. The findings of this study provide candidate gene resources for cold resistance and will improve our understanding of the regulation of cold tolerance at the bud stage in sugarcane.

scholarly journals Rice cold tolerance at the reproductive stage in a controlled environment

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Pereira da Cruz ◽  
Sandra Cristina Kothe Milach ◽  
Luiz Carlos Federizzi
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Spikelet Fertility ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Rice Genotypes ◽  
Highly Correlated

Cold tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) during the reproductive stage is important to guarantee high yield under low temperature environments. Field selection, however, does not allow identification of adequate tolerance sources and limits selection of segregating lines due to variable temperature. The objective of this study was to devise methods for distinguishing rice genotypes as to their cold tolerance at the reproductive stage when evaluated under controlled temperature. The effect of cold temperatures was investigated in six rice genotypes at 17°C for varying length of time (three, five, seven and ten days) at two reproductive stages (microsporogenesis and anthesis). Cold tolerance was measured as the percentage of reduction in panicle exsertion and in spikelet fertility. Evaluating cold tolerance through the reduction in panicle exsertion did not allow for the distinction between cold tolerant from cold sensitive genotypes and, when the reduction in spikelet fertility was considered, a minimum of seven days was required to differentiate the genotypes for cold tolerance. Genotypes were more sensitive to cold at anthesis than at microsporogenesis and, as these stages were highly correlated, cold screening could be performed at anthesis only, since it is easier to determine. Rice cold tolerance at the reproductive stage may be characterized by the reduction in spikelet fertility due to cold temperature (17°C) applied for seven days at anthesis.

scholarly journals Contribution of Mitochondrial Structure and Respiratory Metabolism to The Cold-Resistance of Alfalfa Seedling Root

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meijun Liu ◽  
Wenjing Zhao ◽  
Haoyang Zhang ◽  
Yuxiang Wang ◽  
Xiaoqing Sui
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Complex I ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Metabolism ◽  
Complex Ii ◽  
Seedling Root ◽  
Mitochondrial Structure ◽  
Fall Dormancy

Abstract Background: Fall dormancy of alfalfa is significantly associated with its cold tolerance, while root, the main body of alfalfa for overwintering, is critical for the cold resistance of alfalfa. The effect of low temperature on mitochondrial ultrastructure and respiratory metabolism of alfalfa seedling root with different fall dormancy was examined, to study the root cold resistance mechanism by which fall dormancy affects alfalfa cold tolerance. Results: Low temperature induced mitochondrial swelling, and the decline of ATP and accumulation of H 2 O 2 in alfalfa seedling root. Both the Cytochrome pathway (CP) and Alternative pathway (AP) respiratory rate were restrained and mETC complex I, II, III and IV activities were inhibited directly by low temperature in both kinds of alfalfa seedling root, while the decline of mETC complex II and III activities were more serious in Gannong No. 5. These results indicated that the damage of mitochondrial structure and the inhibition of mETC complex I , II, III and IV activities directly by low temperature declined the ATP synthesis and aggravated the ROS accumulation, which inhibit the growth of alfalfa seedling root. Moreover, the lower damage on mitochondrial structure and mETC complex II, III activities and higher the percent of AP to total respiratory rate lead to the lower ATP lack and H 2 O 2 accumulation, which contributed to the root growth of Xinmu No.4 seedling. Conclusions: Low sensitivity of mitochondrial structural stability and mETC complex II, III and Alternative respiration to low temperature contributed to the root cold resistance of alfalfa with low fall dormancy grade.

scholarly journals Tubulin recycling limits cold tolerance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Li ◽  
Jeffrey K. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Conformational Dynamics ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Nucleation Sites ◽  
Tubulin Binding ◽  
Microtubule Networks ◽  
Almost All ◽  
In Cells

AbstractAlthough cold temperatures have long been used to depolymerize microtubules, how temperature specifically affects the polymerization and depolymerization activities of tubulin proteins and how these lead to changes in microtubule networks in cells has not been established. We investigated these questions in budding yeast, an organism found in diverse environments and therefore predicted to exhibit dynamic microtubules across a broad range of temperatures. We measured the dynamics of GFP-labeled microtubules in living cells and found that lowering the temperature from 37°C to 10°C decreased the rates of both polymerization and depolymerization, decreased the amount of polymer assembled before catastrophes and decreased the frequency of microtubule emergence from nucleation sites. Lowering to 4°C caused rapid loss of almost all microtubule polymer. We provide evidence that these effects on microtubule dynamics may be explained in part by changes in the co-factor-dependent conformational dynamics of tubulin proteins. Ablation of tubulin-binding co-factors further sensitizes cells and their microtubules to low temperatures, and we highlight a specific role for TBCB/Alf1 in microtubule maintenance at low temperatures. Finally, we show that inhibiting the maturation cycle of tubulin by using a point mutant in β-tubulin confers hyper-stable microtubules at low temperatures, rescues the requirement for TBCB/Alf1, and improves the cold tolerance of the yeast. Together, these results reveal an unappreciated step in the tubulin cycle in cells and suggest that this step may be a key limiting factor in the thermal tolerance of organisms.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Distinct Cold Tolerance Strategies in the Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Campos Mantello ◽  
Lucas Boatwright ◽  
Carla Cristina da Silva ◽  
Erivaldo Jose Scaloppi ◽  
Paulo de Souza Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Large Field ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Cold Response ◽  
Cold Temperatures

AbstractNatural rubber is an indispensable commodity used in approximately 40,000 products and is fundamental to the tire industry. Among the species that produce latex, the rubber tree [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. de Juss.) Muell-Arg.], a species native to the Amazon rainforest, is the major producer of latex used worldwide. The Amazon Basin presents optimal conditions for rubber tree growth, but the occurrence of South American leaf blight, which is caused by the fungus Microcyclus ulei (P. Henn) v. Arx, limits rubber tree production. Currently, rubber tree plantations are located in scape regions that exhibit suboptimal conditions such as high winds and cold temperatures. Rubber tree breeding programs aim to identify clones that are adapted to these stress conditions. However, rubber tree breeding is time-consuming, taking more than 20 years to develop a new variety. It is also expensive and requires large field areas. Thus, genetic studies could optimize field evaluations, thereby reducing the time and area required for these experiments. Transcriptome sequencing using next-generation sequencing (RNA-seq) is a powerful tool to identify a full set of transcripts and for evaluating gene expression in model and non-model species. In this study, we constructed a comprehensive transcriptome to evaluate the cold response strategies of the RRIM600 (cold-resistant) and GT1 (cold-tolerant) genotypes. Furthermore, we identified putative microsatellite (SSR) and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Alternative splicing, which is an important mechanism for plant adaptation under abiotic stress, was further identified, providing an important database for further studies of cold tolerance.

scholarly journals Mapping freezing tolerance QTL in alfalfa: based on indoor phenotyping

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laxman Adhikari ◽  
Shiva O. Makaju ◽  
Orville M. Lindstrom ◽  
Ali M. Missaoui
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Indirect Selection ◽  
Selection Method ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Percentage Survival

Abstract Background Winter freezing temperature impacts alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) persistence and seasonal yield and can lead to the death of the plant. Understanding the genetic mechanisms of alfalfa freezing tolerance (FT) using high-throughput phenotyping and genotyping is crucial to select suitable germplasm and develop winter-hardy cultivars. Several clones of an alfalfa F1 mapping population (3010 x CW 1010) were tested for FT using a cold chamber. The population was genotyped with SNP markers identified using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with FT were mapped on the parent-specific linkage maps. The ultimate goal is to develop non-dormant and winter-hardy alfalfa cultivars that can produce extended growth in the areas where winters are often mild. Results Alfalfa FT screening method optimized in this experiment comprises three major steps: clone preparation, acclimation, and freezing test. Twenty clones of each genotype were tested, where 10 samples were treated with freezing temperature, and 10 were used as controls. A moderate positive correlation (r ~ 0.36, P < 0.01) was observed between indoor FT and field-based winter hardiness (WH), suggesting that the indoor FT test is a useful indirect selection method for winter hardiness of alfalfa germplasm. We detected a total of 20 QTL associated with four traits; nine for visual rating-based FT, five for percentage survival (PS), four for treated to control regrowth ratio (RR), and two for treated to control biomass ratio (BR). Some QTL positions overlapped with WH QTL reported previously, suggesting a genetic relationship between FT and WH. Some favorable QTL from the winter-hardy parent (3010) were from the potential genic region for a cold tolerance gene CBF. The BLAST alignment of a CBF sequence of M. truncatula, a close relative of alfalfa, against the alfalfa reference showed that the gene’s ortholog resides around 75 Mb on chromosome 6. Conclusions The indoor freezing tolerance selection method reported is useful for alfalfa breeders to accelerate breeding cycles through indirect selection. The QTL and associated markers add to the genomic resources for the research community and can be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS) for alfalfa cold tolerance improvement.

Some effects of cold exposure, nutrition and experimental handling on serum free fatty-acid levels in sheep

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Slee ◽  
R. Halliday
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Serum Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Serum Free

Blood serum free fatty acid (FFA) levels have been measured in sheep subjected to: (a) short periods (20–24 hours) of fasting, (b) physical and emotional disturbances associated with experimental handling, and (c) exposure to cold temperatures when either pregnant or unmated.The first two factors acted additively, each causing a small elevation of about 100–200 μ-equiv/litre above the pre-existing FFA level. The effect of short-fasting gradually disappeared during the first 6 hours after feeding; the effect of experimental disturbance lasted less than 2 hours.The effect of severe cold treatment (exposure to approximately 60°C subcriticai ambient temperatures for 2–10 hours) was very marked, producing mean FFA elevations of about 2000 μ-equiv/litre.Mild cold exposure (3−8°C below the critical temperature), even when maintained for several days, produced little change in the FFA levels already typical of either well-fed or short-fasted sheep. Exposures of moderate intensity (25°C below the critical temperature) apparently produced small elevations in short-fasted sheep only.It was concluded that a large increase in FFA level was the normal response to acute cold exposure. Elevations due to other factors were, in the context of these experiments, very small. Within the normal range of response to cold exposure there was considerable individual variation in the degree of FFA elevation, but this variation was not generally related to cold resistance expressed as the ability to maintain rectal temperature. However, a few sheep which failed to raise FFA values to the normal extent did show poor cold resistance.

THE BEHAVIOR OF THREE COLD-TOLERANT AND A STANDARD SOYBEAN VARIETY IN RELATION TO THE LEVEL AND THE DURATION OF A COLD STRESS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SCHMID ◽  
E. R. KELLER
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
The Stability

The cold tolerance of the varieties Gieso (Federal Republic of Germany), Amurskaja 41 (Russia), ISZ-7 and I-1 (Hungary) was investigated in growth chamber and greenhouse experiments. In the growth chamber trial, cool and cold temperatures reduced the grain yield of Gieso whereas ISZ-7 and I-1 increased their yields from the high temperature level to the coldest one. Amurskaja 41 had about the same yield in the warm and cool temperature regimes but in the coldest treatment, yields decreased compared with those of Gieso. The high quality of ISZ-7 and I-1 to compensate for stress periods as compared with Gieso and also with Amurskaja 41 is reflected in the average growth rate, the flower and pod formation and the dry matter production per plant. In the greenhouse experiment, duration of a cold stress at vegetative stages V1 and V3 and at the beginning of flowering was investigated. All tested varieties were able to compensate for cold stress of 10 days whereas only ISZ-7 and I-1 showed good yields under a long period of stress. These more cold tolerant varieties were particularly able to make good use of subsequent higher temperatures as expressed by the grain weight per degree Celsius. The stability of harvest index is also an important factor in cold tolerance investigations.

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