Escherichia Coli Encoding Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases Isolated from Diarrheic Patients in Minna, Nigeria

Escherichia coli remains one of the most isolated etiological agents of diarrhea, accounting for more than 1 million deaths and about 4% of the total global disability-adjusted life-years (DALYS) per year across all age groups according to the global disease burden. This study evaluated multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli encoding extended spectrum beta-lactamases isolated from diarrheic patients in Minna, Nigeria using standard microbiological methods. A prevalence of 37.7% of Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) was obtained from the stool samples evaluated. Within the environment sampled, age group 21 – 30 years had the highest E. coli isolation rate (27.8%) while age group ≥71years had the least E. coli isolation rate (2.6%). Females (64.9%) were the most affected compared to males (35.1%). The isolates were significantly resistant to most of the beta-lactams tested especially to 3rd generation cephalosporins [Cefotaxime (98.2%), cefuroxime (93%), ceftazidime (84.2%), Augmentin (70.2%), Amoxicillin (59.6%)]. Resistance to other classes of antibiotics was also observed in varying percentages. A high percentage (98.2% and 87.7%) of the diarrheagenic E. coli had a multiple resistant index (MARI) ≥ of 0.3. The isolates had varying patterns of resistance with 47.6% resistant to more than 5 classes of antibiotics tested and produced ESBL characteristics phenotypically. Molecular evaluation showed that 40%, 50%, and 90% of the isolates harbored the OXA, CTX-M and TEM genes respectively while 50% harbored VEB and PER genes. This study isolated E. coli from diarrheic patients with multidrug resistance profiles and encodes more than one type of ESBL gene within Minna, Nigeria.

Download Full-text

Multidrug resistant Escherichia coli among patients with gastrointestinal tract infections seeking health care services at Lafia, Nigeria

Ife Journal of Science ◽

10.4314/ijs.v22i3.18 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 203-210

Author(s):

Y. Ya'aba ◽

S.B. Mohammed ◽

A.S. Adamu ◽

S.R. Abdullahi ◽

G.M. Salihu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Health Care ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Multiple Drug Resistance ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Microbiological Methods ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽

Tract Infections

Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in human plays an important role in providing habitat to various microbial communities including numerous prokaryotic cells numbering over 100 trillion. This study was aimed at accessing the multidrug resistance (MDR) of E. coli among patients with GIT infections seeking health care at Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital (DASH), Lafia, Nasarawa state, Nigeria. A total of one hundred and fifty (150) stool samples were collected using sterile sample containers from patients with symptoms of GIT infections in search of medical care in this hospital. The samples collected were processed using standard microbiological methods. Out of the total samples collected, 35.3% (53/150) revealed the presence of E. coli whereas 64.7% did not. Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) were found in 45.3% of E. coli obtained in this study, which were further used for the antimicrobial susceptibility test. E. coli were more resistant to ampicillin (75.51%), followed by amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (61.22%) and were least resistant to imipenems (12.25%). In conclusion, MDR E. coli producing ESBL are abundant among patients with GIT infections visiting DASH, Lafia. Thus, it is important to determine the genes responsible for this MDR as well as dissemination of adequate information to the masses visiting the hospital for treatment on the possible effects caused by the antibiotics abuse Keywords: Escherichia coli, Multiple-Drug Resistance, Antimicrobial, Gastrointestinal tract, Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases, Microbiological methods

Download Full-text

Prevalence Of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs)-Producing Escherichia Coli Isolated From UTI Patients Attending some Selected Hospitals In Minna, Nigeria

Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.4314/njb.v37i2.6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 56-73

Author(s):

F Iseghohi ◽

J.C Igwe ◽

M Galadima ◽

A.F Kuta ◽

A.M Abdullahi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Antibiotics Resistance ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽

Tract Infections

Globally, urinary tract infections are one of the most common infections in need of urgent clinical attention. The prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)- producing Escherichia coli isolated from urine samples of some UTI patients and s of apparently healthy individuals in Minna, Nigeria, is investigated. Standard microbiological techniques were used to conduct this study. A total of 170 catch midstream urine samples submitted to the Medical Microbiology Laboratories of 4 different hospitals (and samples from healthy individuals) were randomly collected for 5 months and examined for microbial growths. Female patients (65.9%) submitted more urine samples for UTI test than their male counterpart (34.1%). The age ranges of 21 -30 (26.5%) and 31 - 40 (25.3%) had the highest percentages of infection rate while those within the ages 1- 10 (3.5%) and ≥ 71 (2.3%) were the least infected. This study observed a prevalence of 23.5% of E. coli in Minna metropolis and a significant number (30%) of healthy individuals (HI) was observed to harbor the E. coli in their urine. The isolates were highly susceptible to Gentamicin (65%), Ofloxacin (65%), Tetracycline (62.5%), Cotrimoxazole (62.5%), and Streptomycin (57.5%). Mildly susceptible to Pefloxacin (37.5%), Chloramphenicol (37.5%), and Ciprofloxacin (35%). There were significant resistance to most of the beta-lactames tested [Cefuroxime (80%), Amoxicillin (42.5%), Augmentin (40), Cefotaxime (20%) and Ceftaxidime (7.5%)]. Two of the isolates were resistant to all the 13 antibiotics tested; 70% (28) of the isolates had multiple antibiotics resistance index (MARI) ≥0.3. Multidrug resistance was expressed in 37.5% of the isolates tested. The study showed a vast resistant pool in the environment. Only 25% of the E. coli isolated from the urine samples produced beta-lactamases phenotypically, most of which expressed resistance to more than 5 of the antibiotics tested and had MARI of ≥ 0.5. Further evaluation showed that 25% (10/40) of the E. coli isolated from the UTI patients in Minna, Nigeria, were ESBL- producers and could harbor one or two of the genes. TEM gene was expressed in 70% (7) of the isolates that produced ESBL phenotypically, 60% 6) harbored CTXM gene, 20% (2) had the OXA gene while none of the bacteria harbored the SHV gene. The study established a 5.9% ESBL prevalence among the E. coli isolated from UTI in the environment studied. This study established that E. coli is one of the prevalent bacteri urea majorly isolated from UTI patients in Minna. The prevalent E. coli are multidrug resistant and could harbor more than one ESBL gene . keywords: Escherichia coli, Minna, UTI, ESBL, Multidrug resistance

Download Full-text

Dogs of Nomadic Pastoralists in Northern Kenya Are Reservoirs of Plasmid-Mediated Cephalosporin- and Quinolone-Resistant Escherichia coli, Including Pandemic Clone B2-O25-ST131

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.05859-11 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 56 (7) ◽

pp. 4013-4017 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Katerina Albrechtova ◽

Monika Dolejska ◽

Alois Cizek ◽

Dagmar Tausova ◽

Jiri Klimes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Content Type ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

Northern Kenya ◽

E Coli ◽

Nomadic Pastoralists ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽

Pfge Profiles

ABSTRACTResistance inEscherichia coliisolates colonizing gastrointestinal tracts of dogs, cats, and their owners in Northern Kenya was investigated with an emphasis on extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). Totals of 47 (22%,n= 216), 2 (4%,n= 50), and 4 (17%,n= 23) CTX-M-15-producingE. coliisolates were obtained from dogs, cats, and humans, respectively. CTX-M-15-producingE. coliisolates with identical PFGE profiles were detected in animals and humans living in the same area.

Download Full-text

Research of Associated Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases Escherichia Coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains Isolated in Senegal

Austin Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.26420/austinjmicrobiol.2021.1029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ngom B ◽

◽

Wade SF ◽

Diop TA ◽

Diagne R ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

E Coli ◽

Sick People ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases

Introduction: Some strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae produce Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) may be responsible for various infections such as urinary infections. These Sick people are treated in the very serious cases by association antibiotics to class to betalactamins, aminosids and quinolons. But proliferation of multi-drug resistant strains involves decreasing therapeutic success. That’s why epidemiological study must be done in all laboratories of bacteriology. Purpose: The aim of the study was to research the resistance phenotypes of our E. coli and K. pneumoniae ESBL strains compared to others families of antibiotics. Material and methods: Thirty two (32) Extended Spectrum betalactamases E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains isolated from either hospitalized patients or sick people who came for consultation were studied. Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was determined using an antibiotic disk (Bio-Rad) diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar (Bio-Rad). The results were interpreted according to the Standards of the French Antibiogram Committee (CA-SFM). Results: The study showed that most of these strains were multi-drug resistant. They were resistant to many beta-lactamines antibiotics. E. coli strains were also resistant at 70,34% to aminosids, at 96,72% to quinolons, at 58,3% to cotrimoxazol, at 26,1% to chloramphénicol and at 21,4% to colistin ; about K. pneumoniae, they were resistant at 72,6% to aminosids, at 88,95% to quinolons, at 86,7% to cotrimoxazol, at 44,4% to chloramphénicol and at 25% to colistin. But all these strains were sensitive at 100% to l’imipenem.

Download Full-text

KARAKTERISTIK ANTIBIOGRAM ISOLAT Escherichia coli DAN Klebsiella pneumoniae DARI RUANG INTENSIVE CARE UNIT DAN NON-INTENSIVE CARE UNIT DI RSUP SANGLAH SELAMA TAHUN 2018-2020

JURNAL KEDOKTERAN ◽

10.36679/kedokteran.v7i1.421 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Ni Luh Ranthi Kurniawathi ◽

Indramawan Setyojatmiko ◽

Ni Nyoman Sri Budayanti

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases

Resistesi antibiotik meningkat secara global dalam beberapa tahun ini, terutama kejadian Escherichia coli (E.coli) dan Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumoniae) penghasil Extended Spektrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan gambaran prevalensi keberadaan dan antibiogram isolat E.coli dan K. pneumoniae penghasil ESBL di rumah sakit tersier di Bali. Penelitian retrospektif potong lintang ini dlikaukan pada Januari 2018- Desember 2020 di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Sanglah, Bali. Identifikasi bakteri dan uji sensitivitas antibiotik dilakukan dengan alat otomatis Vitek®2 Compact. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 2972 isolat, 1067 (63,82%) isolat adalah E. coli penghasil ESBL dan 902 isolat (69,39%) adalah K. pneumoniae penghasil ESBL. Isolat penghasil ESBL ditemukan terbanyak pada non-ICU (89,39%). Bakteri E.coli penghasil ESBL menunjukkan sensitivitas > 80% terhadap Amikacin, Ertapenem, Meropenem, Nitrofurantoin, Piperacillin-tazobactam, dan Tigecycline. Sedangkan, K. pneumoniae penghasil ESBL menunjukkan sensitivitas > 80% terhadap Amikacin, Ertapenem, Meropenem, dan Tigecycline. Penelitian ini menyoroti tingginya prevalensi E.coli dan K.pneumoniae penghasil ESBL di rumah sakit rujukan tersier di Bali. Analisis yang seksama dari antibiogram kedua spesies penghasil ESBL tersebut akan membantu menyusun kebijakan penggunaan antibiotik dan pencegahan, pengendalian penyebaran bakteri penghasil ESBL.Kata Kunci: Escherichia coli; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases; ICU dan Non-ICU

Download Full-text

Occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in human and bovine isolates of Escherichia coli from Oyo state, Nigeria

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.3430 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (06) ◽

pp. 774-779 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Christiana Inwezerua ◽

Nuno Mendonça ◽

Vera Calhau ◽

Sara Domingues ◽

Olufemi Ezekiel Adeleke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Recipient Strain ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

E Coli ◽

Class 1 Integrons ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Plasmid Replicon ◽

Class 1 ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases

Introduction: The main objective of the study was the molecular characterization of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) in Escherichia coli isolates collected from human and bovine samples in Oyo state, Nigeria. Methodology: Between August 2010-2011, 114 E. coli isolates were collected from hospitals (n = 57) and bovine (n = 57). PCR and sequencing were used for identification of ESBLs, upstream sequences, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and class 1 integrons. Plasmid incompatibility groups were identified among ESBL-positive isolates by PCR. Genetic relatdness was assessed by rep-PCR and MLST. Transfer of ESBL determinants to the recipient strain E. coli J53 was performed by broth mating assays. Results: CTX-M15 was the unique ESBL found in eight human isolates. Six CTX-M-15 producers also carry the aac(6’)-lb-cr gene and/or qnrB gene, and class 1 integrons. FIA, FIB, H11, H12, F, Y and K were the plasmid replicon types found. CTX-M-15 and PMQR determinants were transferred by conjugation in two E. coli assigned by MLST to ST131 and ST2695, a new allele. Conclusions: The study highlights the dissemination hability of CTX-M-15 associated with PMQR, and the presence of class 1 integrons, able to capture additional genes, justifying the urgent need of antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Nigeria.

Download Full-text

Short Communication: Pattern of antibiotic resistance on extended-spectrum beta-lactamases genes producing Escherichia coli on laying hens in Blitar, Indonesia

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d211022 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (10) ◽

Author(s):

FRESHINTA JELLIA WIBISONO ◽

BAMBANG SUMIARTO ◽

TRI UNTARI ◽

Mustofa Helmi Effendi ◽

DIAN AYU PERMATASARI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Short Communication ◽

Laying Hens ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Communication Pattern ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases

Abstract. Wibisono FJ, Sumiarto B, Untari T, Effendi MH, Permatasari DA, Witaningrum AM. 2020. Short Communication: Pattern of antibiotic resistance on extended-spectrum beta-lactamases genes producing Escherichia coli on laying hens in Blitar, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4631-4635. The aims of this study were to determine the susceptibility pattern of phenotypic antibiotics on extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) genes and genotype profiles of ESBL producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from cloacal samples of laying hens in Blitar. A total of 165 cloacal swab samples were successfully isolated 145 E. coli strains during the study taken from 5 subdistricts in Blitar. All the strains were examined for antibiotic resistance patterns by disk diffusion method with double-disk synergy test (DDST), followed testing with VITEK® 2 methods, molecular identification of ESBL coding genes using PCR. The results of this study showed that the characterization of nucleotide analysis from PCR amplification of ESBL-producing E. coli bacteria isolated from laying hens in Blitar showed that eight isolates were the dominant of CTX gene, followed by the TEM encoding gene of two isolates, and the SHV coding gene as much as one isolate. The presence of more than 1 encoding genes in the E. coli bacterial isolate was seen in 1 isolate, where the isolate carried the CTX gene and the SHV gene as well. All ESBL producing E. coli isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefazolin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone, and these ESBL isolates were more than 70% resistant to gentamicin, aztreonam, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. These results indicated that poultry is a potential reservoir for ESBL-producing E. coli. The presence of ESBL-producing E. coli in poultry requires strengthening antibiotic policy. This is important because the regulation of antibiotic use in poultry is gaining momentum to increase animal productivity and food safety in Blitar, Indonesia.

Download Full-text

Deteksi Fenotipik Escherichia coli Penghasil Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESBLs) pada Sampel Makanan di Krian Sidoarjo

Life Science ◽

10.15294/lifesci.v8i1.29995 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 95-105

Author(s):

Yulianto Ade Prasetya ◽

Ike Yuyun Winarsih ◽

Kharisma Aprilia Pratiwi ◽

Merinsa Chorry Hartono ◽

Dita Nur Rochimah

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Methylene Blue ◽

Food Samples ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Confirmation Test ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽

Fried Foods ◽

Synergy Test

Escherichia coli is a group of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria that often contaminate food so that it can cause diarrhea. These bacteria are very difficult to treat if they are able to produce the Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) enzyme. The purpose of this study was to identify ESBLs-producing E. coli in food samples in Krian Sidoarjo. Food samples (fried foods, cilok tempura and chili sauce) were collected from ten different places. The sample was then grown on Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) medium and purified by the 16 streak method, as well as biochemical character tests. The ESBLs phenotypic E. coli method was carried out by screening test and confirmation test using a Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST). Thirty colonies were able to grow on EMB media, but after microscopic identification and biochemistry testing only four samples were E. coli positive and were able to produce ESBLs from the phenotypic test that had been carried out. ESBLs-producing E. coli testing is important not only for nosocomial infections but also for the community so it needs attention to the spread of ESBLs resistance among microorganism species. Escherichia coli termasuk kelompok bakteri Enterobacteriaceae yang sering mengkontaminasi makanan sehingga dapat menyebabkan diare. Bakteri ini sangat sulit diobati apabila mampu memproduksi enzim Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengindetifikasi E. coli penghasil ESBLs pada sampel makanan di Krian Sidoarjo. Sampel makanan (gorengan, cilok, tempura, dan saus sambal) dikumpulkan dari sepuluh tempat berbeda. Sampel kemudian ditumbuhkan pada medium Eosin Metilen Blue (EMB) dan dimurnikan dengan metode streak 16, serta dilakukan karakteristik uji biokimia. Metode fenotipik E. coli penghasil ESBLs dilakukan dengan uji skrining dan uji konfirmasi menggunakan double disk synergy test (DDST). Sebanyak tiga puluh koloni mampu tumbuh pada media EMB, namun setelah diidentifikasi mikroskopis dan uji biokiomia hanya empat sampel positif E. coli dan mampu menghasilkan ESBLs dari uji fenotipik yang telah dilakukan. Pengujian E. coli penghasil ESBLs penting dilakukan bukan hanya pada infeksi nosokomial, tetapi juga pada komunitas sehingga perlu mendapat perhatian terhadap penyebaran resistensi ESBLs diantara spesies mikroorganisme.

Download Full-text

Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Processing of Brewery Waste with the Addition of Bulking Agents

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su131810174 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (18) ◽

pp. 10174

Author(s):

Katarzyna Wolny-Koładka ◽

Marek Zdaniewicz

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bulking Agents ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases

The aim of the study was to determine the drug resistance profile and to assess the presence of genes responsible for the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Escherichia coli isolated from energy-processed hop sediment with the addition of bulking agents. Antibiotic resistance was determined by the disk diffusion method and the PCR technique to detect genes determining the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) mechanism. A total of 100 strains of E. coli were collected. The highest resistance was found to aztreonam, tetracycline, ampicillin, ticarcillin, and ceftazidime. The bacteria collected were most often resistant to even 10 antibiotics at the same time and 15 MDR strains were found. The ESBL mechanism was determined in 14 isolates. Among the studied genes responsible for beta-lactamase production, blaTEM was the most common (64%). The study revealed that the analysed material was colonised by multi-drug-resistant strains of E. coli, which pose a threat to public health. The obtained results encourage further studies to monitor the spread of drug resistance in E. coli.

Download Full-text

SCREENING FOR EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASES PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATES IN FISH SAMPLE AND PROFILING FOR ANTIBIOTICS SUSCEPTIBILITY

Bacterial Empire ◽

10.36547/be.2021.4.1.25-29 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 25-29

Author(s):

Diwakar Kumar ◽

Ananya Choudhury ◽

Mitul Nath ◽

Udaya Kumar Vandana

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Human Pathogens ◽

Fish Pathogens ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Fish Samples ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽

Antibiotics Susceptibility ◽

Susceptibility Patterns

At present, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and other species of Enterobacteriaceae have emerged as a matter of utmost concern. Indiscriminate utilization of antimicrobials in aquaculture generates selective pressure creating reservoirs of drug-resistance genes in fish pathogens and other bacteria, which may disseminate by horizontal gene transfer and reach human pathogens. The present study aims to detect extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) production by enterobacteria isolated from locally harbored and imported fresh and dry fishes. Out of 235 fish samples investigated, the observed incidence of 9.78% (n=23) E. coli isolates. PCR detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli using primers specific for Bla-TEM, Bla-SHV, Bla-CTX-M. As per molecular detection by Multiplex PCR, 11 isolates exhibited Bla-TEM+CTX-M+SHV genes, and two isolates exhibited the presence of TEM genes only. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns against 12 antibiotics were studied, where it was observed that resistance to the selected drug ranges from 4.34 % to 73.9 % for 12 different antibiotics.

Download Full-text