scholarly journals Understanding Interactions Histological, Cytological, and Molecular Among the fungus P. Striiformis Tritici and Wheat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Moreno Heredia
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Diseases ◽  
Migratory Capacity ◽  
Palabras Clave

Yellow rust is caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici (Pst), which due to its great migratory capacity, adaptation to different environments, and high levels of mutation; is one of the most devastating wheat diseases worldwide. Due to this, several strategies have been implemented to control the disease, the best being genetic improvement. The key to develop resistant cultivars is understanding the interactions between wheat and Pst. Therefore, this work synthesizes the most important investigations carried out in the last 30 years regarding: cellular, histological, and molecular interactions between wheat and Pst. This will allow a deeper and more complete understanding of the interaction between resistance and virulence genes in the yellow rust disease. The results of this work revealed that the early stage of infection, in susceptible and resistant cultivars, is the same qualitatively, but not quantitatively. However, a clear difference at the histological and molecular level, in terms of the amount and type of genes expressed, begins 48 hours after infection. It was also found that the haustorium, in addition to absorbing nutrients from the host; can also manipulate its metabolism to benefit itself, and can make some nutrients on its own. Keywords: haustorio, Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici, histological, resistance genes, virulence genes. Resumen La roya amarilla es causada por el hongo Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici (Pst), el cual debido a su gran capacidad migratoria, adaptación a diferentes ambientes, y niveles altos de mutación; es la enfermedad más devastadoras del trigo a nivel mundial. Debido a esto, varias estrategias han sido implementadas para controlar la enfermedad, siendo la mejor, el mejoramiento genético. La clave para desarrollar cultivares resistentes, es el entendimiento de las interacciones entre el trigo y Pst. Por lo tanto, este trabajo sintetiza las investigaciones más importantes realizadas en los últimos 30 años, en cuanto a interacciones celulares, histológicas y moleculares entre el trigo y Pst. Esto permitirá un entendimiento más profundo y completo de la interacción entre los genes de resistencia y virulencia, en la enfermedad de la roya. Los resultados revelaron que la fase temprana de infección en cultivares susceptibles y resistentes, es igual cualitativamente, pero no cuantitativamente. Sin embargo, una diferencia clara a nivel histológico y molecular, en cuanto a la cantidad y al tipo de genes expresados, empieza 48 hr post infección. También, se halló que el haustorio además de absorber nutrientes del huésped, también manipula el metabolismo de éste para su beneficio y puede elaborar algunos nutrientes por sí mismo. Palabras Clave: haustorio, Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici, histológico, genes de resistencia, genes de virulencia.

scholarly journals Brown and Yellow Rust of Wheat in India –Significance of Climate on It’s Races and Resistance

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-91
Author(s):  
Katravath Srinivas ◽  
Shaik Moizur Rahman ◽  
Manu Yadav ◽  
Mamta Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Significant Yield

Wheat is one of the most important staple food crops having global economic significance. Grown globally around 215 million hectares area with production of more than 600 million tons. Wheat is constrained in its production due to several biotic factors, among them yellow rust of wheat, Puccinia striiformis Westend. f.sp. tritici Eriks and Henn. (Pst) and brown rust of wheat, Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici (Eriks. and E. Henn.) D.M. Henderson (Ptr) continues to be a serious threat and dominant factor limiting its yield potential globally. The estimated yield losses range from 10-70%, while in a severe epidemic the grain damage can be as great as 100%. Pathogens are considered to be favoured by the cooler areas but current races are more adaptable to high temperatures causing significant yield reduction in wheat. In India, prevalent pathotypes for yellow rust include 46S119, 110S119, and 238S119. Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, YrSp, and YrSk genes are resistant to Pst pathotypes in Indian conditions, while in the case of leaf rust of wheat, prevalent pathotypes are 77-5, 77-9, and 104-2. Lr9, Lr19, Lr24, Lr25, Lr29, Lr32, Lr39, Lr45, and Lr47 are the genes having resistance to Ptr pathotypes in Indian conditions. This publication provides a comprehensive overview of the stripe and leaf rusts of wheat in India and their virulent races, types of host resistance and provides a tool for effective management of wheat rust disease.

scholarly journals Whole genome resequencing and comparative genome analysis of three Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici pathotypes prevalent in India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inderjit Singh Yadav ◽  
S. C. Bhardwaj ◽  
Jaspal Kaur ◽  
Deepak Singla ◽  
Satinder Kaur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
The North ◽  
Whole Genome Resequencing

Stripe rust disease of wheat, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, ( Pst ) is one of the most serious diseases of wheat worldwide. In India, virulent stripe rust races have been constantly evolving in the North-Western Plains Zone leading to the failure of some of the most widely grown resistant varieties in the region. With the goal of studying the recent evolution of virulent races in this region, we conducted whole-genome sequencing of three prevalent Indian Pst pathotypes Pst46S119, Pst78S84 and Pst110S119. We assembled 58.62, 58.33 and 55.78 Mb of Pst110S119, Pst46S119 and Pst78S84 genome, respectively. Pathotypes were found to be highly heterozygous. Comparative phylogenetic analysis indicated the recent evolution of pathotypes Pst110S119 and Pst78S84 from Pst46S119. Pathogenicity-related genes classes (CAZyme, proteases, effectors, and secretome proteins) were identified and found to be under positive selection. Higher rate of gene family expansion was also observed in the three pathotypes. A strong association between the effector genes and transposable elements may be the source of the rapid evolution of these strains. Phylogenetic analysis differentiated the Indian races in this study from other known US, European, African and Asian races. Diagnostic markers developed for the identification of different Pst pathotypes will help tracking of yellow rust at farmers’ field and strategizing resistance gene deployment.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of International Collections of the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Reveals High Diversity and Intercontinental Migration

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 933-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipak Sharma-Poudyal ◽  
Qing Bai ◽  
Anmin Wan ◽  
Meinan Wang ◽  
Deven See ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Wheat Diseases ◽  
Geographic Regions ◽  
High Level

Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici causes stripe rust (yellow rust), one of the most important wheat diseases worldwide. To understand the genetic variation of the pathogen in a global scale, 283 P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates collected from 16 countries in eight geographic regions were genotyped using 24 codominant simple sequence repeat markers. The overall collection had a high level of genetic diversity, and the diversity levels in the Asian populations were generally higher than those of the other regions. Heterozygosity of isolates ranged from 0 to 75%, with an average of 46%. Mean heterozygosity in individual countries ranged from 34 to 59%. A total of 265 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were detected, which were classified into eight molecular groups. Some of the molecular groups were present in all geographic regions. Moreover, many isolates from different regions were found to be identical or very closely related MLGs. Analysis of molecular variance revealed high variation within countries and intermediate variation between countries, but it revealed low and insignificant variation among geographic regions. Pairwise comparisons of regional populations detected considerable effective migrants and only low to moderate levels of differentiation. The molecular genotypes had a moderate level of correlation with the virulence phenotypes, and some of the molecular/virulence groups contained isolates from different continents. The results indicate tremendous migrations of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici and warrant the development of management strategies considering the global pathogen population.

scholarly journals Changes of Races and Virulence Genes in Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen, in the United States from 1968 to 2009

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (8) ◽  
pp. 1522-1532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tinglan Liu ◽  
Anmin Wan ◽  
Dengcai Liu ◽  
Xianming Chen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
New Races ◽  
Serious Disease

Stripe (yellow) rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a serious disease of wheat in the world. The obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen changes its virulence rapidly, which can circumvent resistance in wheat cultivars and cause severe epidemics. Because P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races have been identified in the United States using different wheat genotypes in different time periods, it is difficult to make direct comparisons of the current population with historical populations. The objective of this study was to characterize historical populations with 18 Yr single-gene lines that are currently used to differentiate P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races in order to understand virulence and race changes of the pathogen over 40 years in the United States. From 908 P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates collected from 1968 to 2009 in the United States, 171 races were identified and their frequencies were determined. More races, more new races, and races with more virulence genes were detected since the year 2000 than prior to 2000. None of the races were virulent to Yr5 and Yr15, indicating that these genes have been effective since the late 1960s. Virulence genes to the remaining 16 Yr genes were detected in different periods, and most of them increased in frequency over time. Some virulence genes such as those to Yr17, Yr27, Yr32, Yr43, Yr44, YrTr1, and YrExp2 appeared 14 to 37 years earlier than previously reported, indicating the greater value of using Yr single-gene lines as differentials. Positive and negative associations were detected between virulence genes. The continual information on virulence and races in the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici populations is useful for understanding the evolution of the pathogen and for breeding wheat cultivars with effective resistance to stripe rust.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONDUCIVE FOR STRIPE RUST OF WHEAT

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
Yasir Ali ◽  
Muhammad A. Khan ◽  
Muhammad Atiq ◽  
Waseem Sabir ◽  
Arslan Hafeez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Severe Condition ◽  
Wheat Diseases

Wheat rusts are the significant diseases of wheat crop and potential threats worldwide. Among all major wheat diseases occurring in all wheat growing areas of the world, yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is a big hazard when it occurs in severe condition. The susceptible germplasm and conducive environmental conditions contribute towards wide outbreak of rust diseases. In the present study, eight wheat lines were screened out and correlated with epidemiological factors (temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and wind speed). Results showed that maximum disease severity was observed at minimum and maximum temperature ranging from 13.7-16.7 and 23.5-27.65 0C respectively. Their disease severity was increased with increase in relative humidity ranging from 52-64 %. Similarly, rain fall ranging from 5.7-21.99 mm and wind speed 6.88-11.73 km/h respectively proved conducive for yellow rust development in Sargodha. A positive correlation was observed between disease severity and all environmental factors.

scholarly journals Performance of Some Promising Rust Resistant Bread Wheat Genotypes Under Rain-fed Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Emad Al-Maaroof ◽  
Sayran Hassan ◽  
Parez Taha ◽  
Peshawa Said ◽  
Soma Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
Engineering Sciences ◽  
Resistance Reaction ◽  
And Behavior

The current study was conducted to evaluate the performance and behavior of eight promising wheat genotypes produced by different breeding programs as comparing with the local wheat cultivars under rain-fed conditions at the experimental field of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani in Bakrajo during two crop seasons 2014 to 2016. The experiments were laid out according to a randomized complete block design with three replications. Seeds were cultivated at a rate of 140 kg/ha in rows within plots. Host reactions of the tested genotypes with the pathogen population of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici were also investigated under natural infection conditions at the same field. Results revealed high significant differences among the genotypes in term of all the studied traits. Charmo significantly surpassed all other genotypes in stem width (4.90mm), number of kernels per spike (58.41) and grain yield (3856.06 kg h-1), the higher value of grain weight (46.59g) was detected in Azmar 2, while the higher amount of spike per square meter (586.6 spike) was produced by the genotype Shaho2. Azmar2 significantly surpassed all other genotypes in spike length (12.7cm) and leaf area (48.51cm2) while the highest plant height (110.1cm) was detected in Maaroof. Based on the disease severity and coefficient of infection of the genotypes to yellow rust disease, Maaroof, Shaho and Azmar explored high disease resistance reaction and coefficient of infection, while SaberBeg, Aras and Adana showed high susceptibility to the disease.

scholarly journals Mutations in Wheat Exhibiting Growth-Stage-Specific Resistance to Biotrophic Fungal Pathogens

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1242-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil H. Smith ◽  
John A. Howie ◽  
Anthony J. Worland ◽  
Rebecca Stratford ◽  
Lesley A. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Dominant Mutation ◽  
Resistance Phenotype ◽  
The Third ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Seedling Leaf

Two mutants were isolated in wheat that showed enhanced resistance towards Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the fungal causal agent of yellow rust. The altered phenotype of I3-48 is due to a minimum of two mutation events, each showing a partial, additive effect, with one mutation segregating with a deletion on the long arm of chromosome 4D. In the case of I3-54, the enhanced resistance is due to a single, dominant mutation. In both mutants, the expression of the enhanced resistance is growth-stage specific. With I3-54, the full resistance phenotype is apparent from the third seedling leaf onwards, while with I3-48, a full resistance phenotype is only seen on the tenth and subsequent leaves. In addition to the enhanced resistance towards yellow rust, I3-48 also shows enhanced resistance towards brown rust, and I3-54 shows enhanced resistance to powdery mildew.

scholarly journals Evolution of Physiologic Races and Virulence of Puccinia striiformis on Wheat in Syria and Lebanon

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 499-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Yahyaoui ◽  
M. S. Hakim ◽  
M. El Naimi ◽  
N. Rbeiz
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Land Race ◽  
Physiologic Races ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Virulence-avirulence phenotypes of Puccinia striiformis isolates collected in Lebanon and Syria were determined on seedlings of the wheat-yellow rust differential genotypes. We found 25 and 11 physiologic races over 6 years (1994 to 1999) in Syria and Lebanon, respectively. The composition of physiologic races found in Syria and Lebanon differed greatly between 1994 and 1999. Races identified in 1999, such as 230E150 and 230E134, have wider spectra of virulence on resistant genotypes than races collected in 1994. In Lebanon, three races were found in 1994 compared with six races in 1999. Yellow rust differential genotypes were used in a trap nursery to monitor yellow rust populations under natural conditions. Races identified from cultivars in the trap nursery in Syria and Lebanon, and from land race cultivars in Iraq, were recovered among the races identified from farm fields. Yellow rust samples were collected from Yemen, and none of the races identified from Yemen samples were identical to those in Syria and Lebanon. Virulence frequencies in the yellow rust population on the differential genotypes tested in the trap nurseries were above 70% for some resistance genes. Yellow rust populations in Syria and Lebanon have diverse virulence phenotypes. P. striiformis populations appear to be changing over, and this would be an important consideration for wheat breeding programs in the region.

Distribution of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici races and virulence in wheat growing regions of Kenya from 1970 TO 2014

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercy Wamalwa ◽  
Ruth Wanyera ◽  
Julian Rodriguez-Algaba ◽  
Lesley Boyd ◽  
James Owuoche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Stripe Rust Resistance ◽  
Scar Markers ◽  
Seedling Resistance ◽  
Sequence Characterized Amplified Region ◽  
Triticum Spp ◽  
Virulence Diversity

Stripe rust, caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a major threat to wheat (Triticum spp.) production worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the virulence of Pst races prevalent in the main wheat growing regions of Kenya, which includes Mt. Kenya, Eastern Kenya, and the Rift Valley (Central, Southern, and Northern Rift). Fifty Pst isolates collected from 1970 to 1992 and from 2009 to 2014 were virulence phenotyped using stripe rust differential sets, and 45 isolates were genotyped with sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers to differentiate among the isolates and identify aggressive strains PstS1 and PstS2. Virulence corresponding to stripe rust resistance genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr3, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr25, Yr27 and the seedling resistance in genotype Avocet S were detected. Ten races were detected in the Pst samples obtained from 1970 to 1992, and three additional races were detected from 2009 to 2014, with a single race being detected in both periods. The SCAR markers detected both Pst1 and Pst2 strains in the collection. Increasing Pst virulence was found in the Kenyan Pst population, and that diverse Pst race groups dominated different wheat growing regions. Moreover, recent Pst races in east Africa indicated possible migration of some race groups into Kenya from other regions. This study is important in understanding Pst evolution and virulence diversity and useful in breeding wheat cultivars with effective resistance to stripe rust. Keywords: pathogenicity, Puccinia f. sp. tritici stripe (yellow) rust, Triticum aestivum

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