scholarly journals Legal Courses as a Form of Accelerated Training of Judges in the Period of the New Economic Policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
Olina I. Filonova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Educational Program ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Short Term ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Material Support ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
The Status ◽  
One Year

The article is devoted to the problems of professional training of Soviet judges during the new economic policy period. The legal normative base of the organization and functioning of legal courses is analyzed, the dynamics of the personnel of the courts by the level of education is traced. The training of justice staff was carried out at legal courses: the highest one-year, regional six-month, short-term (three-month). Circular orders of the Commissariat of Justice defined the content of the educational program of legal courses, the status of student and their material support. The training allowed students of legal courses to become a judge. The big need for judges and the high staff of the court turnover caused a deficit of student to fill the personnel of the courts. By 1929, only 10 percent of judges had theoretical training – graduated from legal courses.

The Political Function of Domestic Objects in the Fiction of Aleksandra Kollontai

Slavic Review ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgitta Ingemanson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Short Stories ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
The Political ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The Real ◽  
Political Function ◽  
The Status ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Status Of Women

During the winter of 1922-1923 when she was just beginning her diplomatic career, Bolshevik activist Aleksandra Kollontai wrote two novels and several short stories that were immediately published in Russia and subsequently combined into two volumes under the titles Liubov’ pchel trudovykh and Zhenshchina na perelome. They were dismissed as mere autobiographical romances, indulging in unhealthy introspection and dangerously divorced from the “real” demands of society. At a time when Soviet Russia was facing enormous challenges connected with the reconstruction after the civil war and with the partial return to a market economy under the New Economic Policy (NEP), Kollontai's focus on domestic relationships and the status of women seemed narrow and excessively private.

scholarly journals Сossacks’ Farms in the Conditions of the New Economic Policy of the 1920s: Contradictions of Development (On the Materials of the Don and Kuban Regions)

2019 ◽  
pp. 124-134
Author(s):  
Yuri Yakhutl
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The Status ◽  
High Level ◽  
Market Relations ◽  
The Village ◽  
Degree Of Recovery

Introduction. The new economic policy is controversial, which manifested itself with a particular force in relation to the grain-producing regions – the Don and the Kuban, the most prosperous groups of farmers – the Cossacks. The degree of recovery of Cossack farms and the level of their differentiation remains controversial. The purpose of the article is to determine the state and contradictions of the development of Don and Kuban Cossack farms in the conditions of the new economic policy of the 1920s. Methods and materials. The work is based on the method of synchronous binary comparative analysis. The source basis is data of economic and demographic statistics of the 1920s, reporting documents of the party and Soviet authorities. Analysis and Results. The article reveals the status and contradictory development trends of Cossack farms in the Don and Kuban in the 1920s. The paper proves that the economic and demographic potential of the Cossack farms in the Don and Kuban regions did not fully recover in the conditions of the NEP. As a result, the NEP measures reduced the number of seedless farms, while the reduction of large kulak farms was due to the expansion of medium-sized groups – marginal and medium-sized ones. There was “equalizing” of the Cossacks, and to a greater extent than “nonresident” peasants. The high level of providing Cossack farms with land plots caused discontent among peasants, and property contradictions remained among Cossacks. The author proves the contradictions of the NEP in the agrarian sphere: between the needs of industrial modernization and the limits of tax possibilities of agriculture; between the authorities’ intention to increase marketability of individual farms and the imperative to curb social inequality; between civil reconciliation and the equalizing land reform. The NEP period can be divided into four stages: between spring 1921 and summer 1924 – gradual revival of market relations stimulating restoration of individual Cossack farms; between autumn 1924 and spring 1926 – “facing the village” course resulting in tax cuts, resolving long-term leases, supporting cooperation and other forms of market self-organization of Cossack farms; summer 1926–1927 – gradual turn to the collapse of the NEP; the turn of 1927–1928 – systematic downturn of the NEP and transition to the full-scale application of administrative-command methods regulating the economy.

scholarly journals The Impact of Economic Policy Uncertainty on Capital Structure: Evidence from Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Brigitte Granville ◽  
Roman Matousek ◽  
Egor Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Policy Uncertainty ◽  
Economic Uncertainty ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Economic Policy Uncertainty ◽  
Tax Shield ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
The Status

This paper is a study of the influence of economic policy uncertainty on the capital structure of companies operating in the Russian market. The sample size is particularly notable (over 16,000 companies and 230,000 observations are included) insofar as previous studies have invariably used smaller selections due to the complexities of data processing. Several hypotheses are proposed and treated which concern the interrelations between company debt policies and the status of individual, sectoral, or industry relevant commercial activity, where the constant threat of economic uncertainty due to political or other external machinations affects the market. This research paper examines the following capital structure determinants: profitability, asset structure, company size, tax shield, non-debt tax shield, growth opportunity, and risk. The following methods are applied to test a series of nine hypotheses proposed as the most salient indicators of the present state of academic consensus: the Pool model (Pool), the fixed effect model (FE), and the random effect model (RE). In this context, the influence of economic uncertainty on the status of different debt types in 16,882 Russian companies between 2000 and 2017 was studied using the economic policy uncertainty index calculated in 2012. The results serve to confirm many of the extant hypotheses in the academic literature in the area of capital structural evaluation. For example, it is immediately apparent that the influence of uncertainty is of less significance for large companies as regards all types of debt (joint, short-term and long-term), due to their greater stability and lower risks for creditors. Among other conclusions, it is confirmed that as long as serious government participation is characteristic of the Russian banking system, the efficacy of the debt financing system is not equal for all sectors, and those sectors which are of strategic importance for the state are particularly resilient in troubled economic periods. However, interestingly, in the case of a short-term debt leverage such influence does not materialise. From a theoretical point of view this paper will be useful for researchers studying the fluctuating market conditions of developing or transitional markets (the large sample size will make this study particularly attractive for further evaluation at all levels of academic analysis). An understanding of the multivariate interrelations described in this paper may also be useful to company managers and investors who will gain insight into the consequences of fluctuations in levels of economic uncertainty for different types of companies.

scholarly journals Research on the Influence of Regional Economic Development on Shenzhen's Economic Vitality

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Sihao Fu ◽  
Xinzhu Chen ◽  
Zekun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Regional Economic Development ◽  
Short Term ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Chinese Characteristics ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Economic Vitality ◽  
Permanent Residents

<p>We studied the population increment and enterprise increment under the policy of “building socialism with Chinese characteristics pilot demonstration zone” in Shenzhen and calculated the number of permanent residents and enterprises in Shenzhen in terms of short term (next year) and long term (next five to ten years). Combined with the new population and enterprises brought by the new economic policy and the model in question 1, the data of Shenzhen GDP in the short-term and long-term situations are calculated. So we concluded that the long-term impact on Shenzhen will be greater than the short-term impact in the future.</p>

Catheter-directed foam sclerotherapy treatment of saphenous vein incompetence

VASA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asciutto ◽  
Lindblad
Keyword(s):  
Saphenous Vein ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Foam Sclerotherapy ◽  
Results Of Treatment ◽  
Ulcer Healing Rate ◽  
Complete Obliteration ◽  
Ceap Classification ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

Background: The aim of this study is to report the short-term results of catheter-directed foam sclerotherapy (CDFS) in the treatment of axial saphenous vein incompetence. Patients and methods: Data of all patients undergoing CDFS for symptomatic primary incompetence of the great or small saphenous vein were prospectively collected. Treatment results in terms of occlusion rate and patients’ grade of satisfaction were analysed. All successfully treated patients underwent clinical and duplex follow-up examinations one year postoperatively. Results: Between September 2006 and September 2010, 357 limbs (337 patients) were treated with CDFS at our institution. Based on the CEAP classification, 64 were allocated to clinical class C3 , 128 to class C4, 102 to class C5 and 63 to class C6. Of the 188 patients who completed the one year follow up examination, 67 % had a complete and 14 % a near complete obliteration of the treated vessel. An ulcer-healing rate of 54 % was detected. 92 % of the patients were satisfied with the results of treatment. We registered six cases of thrombophlebitis and two cases of venous thromboembolism, all requiring treatment. Conclusions: The short-term results of CDFS in patients with axial vein incompetence are acceptable in terms of occlusion and complications rates.

Russian Protectionism: Problems of Institutional Heritage

2012 ◽  
pp. 96-114
Author(s):  
L. Tsedilin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
The State ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
State Monopoly ◽  
The Times ◽  
Soviet Experience

The article analyzes the pre-revolutionary and the Soviet experience of the protectionist policies. Special attention is paid to the external economic policy during the times of NEP (New Economic Policy), socialist industrialization and the years of 1970-1980s. The results of the state monopoly on foreign trade and currency transactions in the Soviet Union are summarized; the economic integration in the frames of Comecon is assessed.

The Experience of Industrialization under NEPand Its Application in the Current Conditions

2013 ◽  
pp. 109-135
Author(s):  
Y. Goland
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Popular Belief ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Domestic Capital

The article refutes popular belief about the necessity to abolish the New Economic Policy (NEP) of the 1920s for the purpose of industrialization. It is shown that it started successfully under NEP although due to a number of reasons the efficiency of the investments was low. The abolishment of NEP was caused not by the necessity to accelerate the industrialization but by the wrong policy towards the agriculture that stopped the development of farms. The article analyzes the discussion about possible rates of the domestic capital formation. In the course of this discussion, the sensible approach to finding the optimal size of investments depending on their efficiency was offered. This approach is still relevant today.

The perspective planning under NEP

2019 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Yury M. Goland
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Perspective Planning ◽  
Sharp Criticism

The article reviews the implementation of the perspective planning in the USSR during the period of the New Economic Policy — NEP, from methodological discussions to the development of five-year plans — sectoral and for the entire national economy. The article analyzes the discussion of the proposal of the first five-year plan submitted by S. Strumilin at the congress of planning bodies in March, 1927. It is shown that the sharp criticism of this plan for being imbalanced by the leading economists of the country, in particular, V. Bazarov and N. Kondratiev, is valid. The author points out the influence of political factors on the planning process. The popular cliche that the forced industrialization in the five-year plan was necessary to prepare for the war is refuted.

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