“I Get Mad and I Tell Them, ‘Guys Could Clean, Too!’”

Kids at Work ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 99-115
Author(s):  
Emir Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Central American ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
Feminist Literature ◽  
International Labor ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gendered Expectations

Chapter 5 underlines how gender shapes the way this study's girls and boys experience this occupation and how the children and the families create gendered expectations as well as strategies for protection. While both boys and girls work alongside their parents on the street, findings revealed that the daughters of Mexican and Central American street vendors in Los Angeles are more active than the sons in street vending with the family. How do we explain this paradox? A gendered analysis helps explain why girls are compelled into street vending, while boys are allowed to withdraw or minimize their participation. This chapter extends the feminist literature on intersectionality by exploring the world of Latinx teenage street vendors from a perspective that takes into account gendered expectations not only resulting from the familiar intersecting relations of race, class, and gender, but also as a consequence of age as well as of the inequality of nations that gives rise to particular patterns of international labor migration.

Living the Third Shift

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emir Estrada ◽  
Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
International Labor ◽  
Triple Shift ◽  
Third Shift ◽  
Gendered Expectations ◽  
Latina Girls ◽  
Depth Interviews

This chapter examines gendered expectations resulting not only from the intersecting relations of race and class but also from the age as well as the inequality of nations that gives rise to particular patterns of international labor migration. Drawing on nine months of ethnographic observations and twenty in-depth interviews with Latina/o adolescent street vendors (sixteen girls and four boys) in Los Angeles, the chapter investigates how Latina girls negotiate a triple shift: street vending, household work, and schoolwork. It also explores the continuities between gendered household divisions of labor and street vending, whether the girls see “third-shift” work obligations as a burden or as a source of empowerment, and how the work that girls do as street vendors both perpetuates and challenges gendered expectations.

Proclaiming the New Heterosexual Family

2020 ◽  
pp. 138-174
Author(s):  
Taylor G. Petrey
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Religious Right ◽  
Church Leaders ◽  
Political Campaigns ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Reparative Therapy ◽  
Same Sex Marriage ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
And Gender

In 1995 Church leaders issued “The Family: A Proclamation to the World,” which codified LDS teachings on sex, marriage, and gender roles. The document coincided with further accommodation to feminist concerns, but increased legal and political opposition to same-sex marriage. Church leaders backed political campaigns with the Religious Right in Hawaii, California, and elsewhere to ban same-sex marriage, at the same time also showing greater accommodation to other LGBT rights. Church teachings on homosexuality also evolved in this period to confront biological etiologies, but remained committed to reparative therapy.

Introduction

Kids at Work ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Emir Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Capital Theory ◽  
Segmented Assimilation ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
Intersectionality Theory ◽  
Child Street

The introduction sets the context for the study of street vending children who work side by side with their undocumented parents in Los Angeles. This chapter outlines the various strategies the researcher used to enter the field, recruit the families, and establish rapport with the children and their parents. The author also describes the research site and the research methodology. The author is reflexive about her insider and outsider position and describes how having worked as a young girl with her parents both in Mexico and the United States helped her gain the trust of her respondents. In addition, the introduction situates the role of children and work in a historical context and provides a theoretical framework to help understand the lives of child vendors in Los Angeles. The experience of child street vendors bridges intersectionality theory, social capital theory, and the socialization of childhood and brings to light the hidden resources that are overshadowed by segmented assimilation theory, the leading theory that has been used to understand the experience of post-1965 immigrants and their children. The chapter also introduces the four overarching research questions that guide this research and provides a roadmap of the book.

scholarly journals Why Are Violent Non-State Actors Able to Persist in the Context of the Modern State?

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Dittmar Penski
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
The United States ◽  
Homicide Rate ◽  
Central American ◽  
Modern State ◽  
San Pedro ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban Gangs ◽  
San Pedro Sula

El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras constitute the most violent region on the globe outside a declared warzone: The Northern Triangle. Cities in these countries have dominated the list of most dangerous cities in the world for years. For instance, Honduras’ San Pedro Sula had been at the top of the list for four consecutive years - only overtaken by Caracas, Venezuela in the latest report (Seguridad Justicia y Paz, 2016). El Salvador has, at the time of writing, an average of twenty-four homicides per day (Marroquin, 2016), and Guatemala is the fifth country with the highest homicide rate in Latin America (Gagne, 2016). Most of the violence in these countries is generally attributed to the Maras, urban gangs that formed in marginalized neighborhoods in Los Angeles, California by Central American migrants and refugees, and then strengthened in the Northern Triangle following mass deportations from the United States, including the expatriation of criminals (Cruz, 2010).

scholarly journals Changing Rwandan vision of women and land, in the heart of the house, at the outskirts of the world

Afrika Focus ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle De Lame
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
Moral Justification ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Gender Complementarity ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Peasant Women

Because the current situation is unstable and the countryside is out of reach, it is impossible to assess in what measures and ways the fact that many women carry the daily burden alone will affect, more generally, the views about gender and gender roles. Women can, indeed keep working in the name of their dead or disappeared husbands; still bearing in mind the old ideology of a continuity based on fidelity to the family ancestors. The disillusions about the further reaching effects on local communities, society, and nation, of beliefs related to the ritual gender complementarity will probably result in a yet more individualized vision of the family. It is realistic to suppose that the rising generation of women would have other views about their own rights, and be less submissive to men if they were, by law, recognized as equal to them on all grounds. This was, however, far from achieved before the genocide, even after the reform of the law which put daughters at an equal footing with sons as far as succession to land rights was concerned. The fact that a majority of households are now female-headed is no, in itself, a guarantee against oppression. If, then, gender roles remain perceived as unchanged, a majority of women will be oppressed in a very crude manner, that is to say, with very little "moral" justification of their exploitation. It also remains to be seen what kind of negotiation the peasant women will be able to achieve with those in power, either male or female.The hope for change rests with active efforts at providing women who are said to be 70% of household heads now, with structures giving them sufficient knowledge, efficacy and credit to organize without being patronized. There are examples of such attempts but their success can only be achieved on the basis of a democracy aiming at giving all access to basic rights. The old modes of exploitation and patronage could perfectly become, under the guises of feminism, associated with female cosmopolitanism. Peasant women could well submit themselves to its local bearers, as they would see no other avenues to the wider world and its wealth. Conformity would take its toll again. Nothing much could have improved in their daily lives, even if the old vision of an engendered fertile land has vanished. 

scholarly journals Street vending management in Bangkok: the need to adapt to a changing environment

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-32
Author(s):  
Narumol Nirathron ◽  
Gisèle Yasmeen
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
International Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Convenience Sampling

This research paper proposes that the administration of street vending in Bangkok is consistent but not compatible with changes in the economic and social situation in Thailand as well as the growth of street vending around the world as well as increasing appreciation of its important role. To support this argument, the paper presents the policy measures on street vending since the founding of Bangkok in 1973, the paradigm shift in employment since the Asian Economic Crisis in 1997, and empirical data from a study of street vending in four districts in Bangkok in 2016. The study collected data from street vendors and buyers in Bangrak, Pathumwan, Phranakhon and Samphanthawong. The sample size of the vendors in each district was 100 and participants were selected through random sampling. A sample of 50 buyers in each district was selected through convenience sampling. From the documentary study and the field data, the paper recommends that the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration should realign the administration of street vending in accordance with dynamics of the economic and social situation and international trends.

Women Left Behind: Migration, Agency, and the Pakistani Woman

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-619
Author(s):  
Sarah Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Social Reputation ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
A Site ◽  
Gendered Expectations

This article examines how migration impacts power dynamics and gender norms for women left behind living in rural Southern Punjab, Pakistan, a site where patriarchal customs and religion are interwoven to confine women’s mobility and agency. Based on qualitative interviews and focus groups with women left behind from 2015 through 2018, this article explores how local rural-to-urban male migration patterns impact the decision-making powers of women who are left behind and must make sense of the family structure and gender dynamics in their homes after their husbands’ exit. This study finds that in the absence of her migrant husband, a woman left behind is still subject to patriarchal norms and surveillance by the remaining in-laws, including other women. Citing specific examples from the field, I explain why women left behind remain close to the very families that confine and monitor their movement, and why, in some cases, women left behind turn a blind eye toward their husband’s second or third marriage. Through an examination of behind-the-scenes negotiations that women left behind make, I argue that women maintain for themselves at surface level the gendered expectations that patriarchy sets for them, but given the opportunity, they can negotiate and bargain their positionality in subtle ways without disrupting the status quo that could otherwise jeopardize their physical safety and social reputation (honor).

Street Vending in Los Angeles

Kids at Work ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 43-63
Author(s):  
Emir Estrada
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mexican Migration ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
Political Turmoil

Chapter 2 situates the study historically in the context of U.S. and Mexican migration and traces the formation of the street vending economy in urban centers in México and in U.S. cities such as Los Angeles and New York. The chapter demonstrates that street vending across the border is linked to macro structural forces and is not solely derivative of Latinx cultural practices. The chapter also highlights the historical precedent of street vending in the United States, as opposed to portraying the work as a direct cultural transplant from Latin America. The Latinx street vendors in Los Angeles immigrated to a society where street vending had been an economic strategy since the early nineteenth century. The chapter notes that as a result of both political turmoil and the rise of a foodie culture based on “authenticity,” attitudes toward street vendors are becoming more sympathetic and respectful, leading to the decriminalization of street vending across the state of California.

Vulnerable and Resilient: Legal Status, Sources of Support, Maternal Knowledge, and the Family Routines of Mexican and Central American-origin Mothers in Los Angeles

2020 ◽  
pp. 019791832094981
Author(s):  
Eileen Díaz McConnell ◽  
Aggie J Yellow Horse
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Family Functioning ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Central American ◽  
Immigrant Parents ◽  
Maternal Knowledge ◽  
Family Routines ◽  
Family Organization ◽  
Immigrant Mothers ◽  
The Family

How do unauthorized immigrant parents promote family functioning to navigate challenging conditions and contexts in the United States? This article offers the first quantitative analyses contrasting the family organization and maternal knowledge of Mexican and Central-American immigrant mothers by legal status. Using Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey data with a sample of mothers of school-aged children, the analyses investigate whether mothers’ documentation status, origin country/region, and access to social and instrumental support are associated with the frequency of family dinners, the consistency of family routines, and the knowledge of their child’s associations and friendships. Relative to their US-born and documented Mexican immigrant counterparts, undocumented Mexican immigrant mothers have as many or more frequent family dinners, more predictable family routines, and the same level of knowledge about whom their child is with when not at home. Whom mothers can rely on for emergency childcare and financial support also is linked with both family organization and levels of maternal knowledge about their child. More quantitative research is needed about how undocumented immigrant parents actively employ different family functioning strategies to promote strengths and resiliency in their lives in the midst of challenging contexts driven by lack of legal status.

China's New Voices: Popular Music, Ethnicity, Gender, and Politics, 1978–1997. By Nimrod Baranovitch. [Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2003. xiv+332 pp. £16.95; $24.95. ISBN 0-520-23450-2.]

2004 ◽  
Vol 178 ◽  
pp. 518-519
Author(s):  
Rachel Harris
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
Gender And Politics ◽  
Popular Music Studies ◽  
The World ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

An enjoyable overview of the world of pop, rock and politics in Beijing, accessible for students of Chinese culture and popular music studies. This is an area that has been exceptionally well covered in the literature, and Baranovitch's claim to originality lies mainly in his focus on ethnicity and gender. The overview of the development of pop from 1978–97 does a useful job of drawing together the various strands, though most of this is very familiar from the writings of Geremie Barmé, Andrew Jones et al. We begin with the introduction of Gangtai (Hong Kong and Taiwan pop) to the mainland, led by Deng Lijun whose ‘coquettish nasal slides,’ Baranovitch rightly suggests, were more truly subversive in China in 1978 than any of the subsequent rock and punk styles. Baranovitch chronicles the rise of the xibeifeng, the Shaanbei folk-infused rock style, linking it into the xungun roots movement and Tiananmen. An interesting section on qiuge or ‘prison songs,’ popular in 1988, explores somewhat less well-known territory. We follow the rise of the commercial, the karaoke craze and Mao fever, and the co-option of at least some of the rebellious rockers by the state. Baranovitch enthusiastically reveals the significance of music in the political arena, and its ability to prefigure, even shape the political.

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