Malcolm X and the Islamic Politics of Global Black Liberation

2019 ◽  
pp. 56-86
Author(s):  
Edward E. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
People Of Color ◽  
Malcolm X ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
Spiritual Journey ◽  
Political Consciousness ◽  
Muslim American ◽  
Black Liberation ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
Islamic Religion ◽  
Travel Abroad

This chapter asserts that it was Malcolm X rather than the Nation of Islam that offered a more direct, radical challenge to US Cold War politics. It questions the conventional view that Malcolm X’s 1964 hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca, was the ultimate symbol of his spiritual journey from street hustler to Nation of Islam minister and finally Sunni Muslim believer. Instead, the chapter shows how Cairo, not Mecca, was the real center of El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz’s newfound identity as a Sunni Muslim. For Shabazz, the Islamic socialism and Afro-Asian solidarity of Gamal Abdel Nasser’s Egypt rather than the monarchical, conservative ideology of Nasser’s Saudi Arabian rivals represented the heart of Islamic religion and the key to the liberation of all people of color. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the effects of travel abroad on shaping Muslim American political consciousness.

scholarly journals “The Shape of the Wrath to Come”

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-48
Author(s):  
Nadia Alahmed
Keyword(s):  
Black Identity ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Malcolm X ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
Black Power Movement ◽  
Black Liberation ◽  
Black Liberation Movement ◽  
Arab Israeli Conflict ◽  
To Come ◽  
The U.S

This article traces the evolution of James Baldwin’s discourse on the Arab–Israeli conflict as connected to his own evolution as a Black thinker, activist, and author. It creates a nuanced trajectory of the transformation of Baldwin’s thought on the Arab–Israeli conflict and Black and Jewish relations in the U.S. This trajectory is created through the lens of Baldwin’s relationship with some of the major radical Black movements and organizations of the twentieth century: Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam, and, finally, the Black Power movement, especially the Black Panther Party. Using Baldwin as an example, the article displays the Arab–Israeli conflict as a terrain Black radicals used to articulate their visions of the nature of Black oppression in the U.S., strategies of resistance, the meaning of Black liberation, and articulations of Black identity. It argues that the study of Baldwin’s transformation from a supporter of the Zionist project of nation-building to an advocate of Palestinian rights and national aspirations reveals much about the ideological transformations of the larger Black liberation movement.

Revolutionary Name Choices

Free the Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 79-112
Author(s):  
Edward Onaci
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Fundamental Form ◽  
Black Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Malcolm X ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
Group Self ◽  
Naming Practices

This chapter focuses primarily on the ideas behind and the practice of naming. It argues that name choices are the most fundamental form of individual and group self-determination developed by New Afrikans (and Black Power activists more generally). This chapter historicizes black naming practices in the United States, covering their importance from the era of racial slavery to the moments when Nation of Islam and Malcolm X, among others, were helping instil Black pride in mid-twentieth century African Americans. Specifically, it examines the ways that individual and group names, identity, cartography, and orthography became effective tools for the mechanics of liberation struggle. Taken for granted by both the name studies scholarship and histories of the Black Power Movement, this consideration of naming encourages scholars and activists to think more deeply and critically about the value of politically conscious naming practices.

Uniting for Survival

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Laura Warren Hill
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Black Community ◽  
Malcolm X ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
Justice Department ◽  
Colored People ◽  
The Us ◽  
Broad Cross Section ◽  
Significant Attention

This chapter documents several brutal clashes between African Americans and the police, which engendered a loose coalition of Black organizations and a number of sympathetic white ministers. It recounts the Rochester cases that garnered significant attention, while police clashes occurred throughout most cities in the postwar era. It also mentions a case where the US Justice Department interceded and another case where the famed Nation of Islam leader Malcolm X joined the protest efforts. The chapter argues that police brutality became a salient issue for a broad cross section of the Black community, which included ministers who cultivated and promoted a unified response. It talks about the local National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) that worked closely with Malcolm X and local Nation of Islam leaders to organize a unity rally, chastising the Rochester branch for consorting with reputed Black separatists.

Integration or Separation? Malcolm X’s College Debates, Free Speech, and the Challenge to Racial Liberalism on Campus

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 1033-1059
Author(s):  
Garrett Felber
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Youth Participation ◽  
Malcolm X ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
Student Union ◽  
Racial Liberalism

Abstract Malcolm X participated in over thirty speaking engagements at prominent colleges and universities between 1960 and 1963. His popularity on campuses coincided with a new epoch of civil rights struggle as students became involved in Freedom Rides and sit-in campaigns to desegregate lunch counters and interstate travel. Most invitations were debates on the topic “Integration or Separation?” which pitted Malcolm against an integrationist opponent. The insertion of racial separatism into a discourse that took integration as an unquestioned aim of the movement pushed students to question and defend their own understandings of racial liberalism. Nearly a dozen invitations were extended by NAACP student chapters that had been revitalized amid the new flurry of student involvement. Years before the founding of the first Black Student Union (BSU) at San Francisco State, these chapters were far more ideologically diverse and active than their forbearers, and often invited Malcolm X to speak out of a commitment to students’ rights to free speech and academic freedom. When administrations blocked and cancelled his visits, students became politicized around issues of academic liberties, thereby situating the Nation of Islam and Malcolm X at the nexus of early debates within the student free speech movement. These became part of the early challenge to university paternalism. While these debates and lectures have often been discussed individually, this essay looks at their cumulative effect by situating them during the emergence of student radicalism on campus and the growth of youth participation in the civil rights movement.

Arturo Alfonso Schomburg, the Quintessential Maroon: Toward an African Diasporic Epistemology

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-141
Author(s):  
Evelyne Laurent-Perrault
Keyword(s):  
African Diaspora ◽  
Latin American ◽  
American Identity ◽  
Political Consciousness ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Black Liberation ◽  
Transnational Community

This essay engages Vanessa K. Valdés’s Diasporic Blackness: The Life and Times of Arturo Alfonso Schomburg. It traces Valdés’s main contributions and notes that her work invites readers to expand their views of Schomburg’s Afro-Caribbean/Latinx/Latin American identity and his complex personality, as well as his relentless but gentle commitment to advancing black liberation. Following Saidiya Hartman’s strategy of “critical fabulation” to highlight previously silenced Afro-Epistemes, the author dwells on Schomburg’s childhood, life commitment, and legacies. Part of the essay’s purpose is to sketch the transnational community of formerly enslaved and free men and women from whom Schomburg inherited what the author calls his Maroon political consciousness. The essay also emphasizes how Valdés invites African diaspora scholars, activists, educators, artists, and so on to reflect on and trouble preconceived ideas about Maroon subjectivity, marronage, and Africa. It concludes by imagining ways Schomburg would engage our present.

Malcolm X : Pengaruh dan Konflik Internal dalam Gerakan Nation of Islam (NOI) di Amerika Serikat (1952-1965)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidik Fauji
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Malcolm X ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
Coup D'etat ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Elijah Muhammad ◽  
Significant Factors

Abstract: This research aim to analyze the influence of Malcom X in the movement of NOI, and how it ignite internal conflict within this organization. The analyze focused on library research by using history research method. History research method requires certain procedures for instance heuristic, verification, interpretation, and historiography. As a result, there are three significant factors that triggered the violence againt Malcolm X performed by NOI perpetrators. The first factor was assumed on the popularity of Malcolm X whom gained more attention than Elijah Muhammad did. The consequences of Malcolm X’s fame initiated the jelaousy toward him. As a result there was rumour produced by Elijah Muhammad followers on the agenda of coup d’etat  against the leadership of the legal chief of NOI. The next cause of the internal conflict within NOI was the scandal of Elijah Muhammad with his female secretary. The last factor was the Malcolm X opinion on mass media toward the homicide of President Kennedy. Keywords : Influence, Internal Conflict, Malcolm X, NOI. Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk menjelaskan pengaruh Malcolm X dan konflik internal dalam gerakan NOI. Penelitian ini dipusatkan pada kajian pustaka dengan menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah. Langkah yang dilakukan peneliti yaitu heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi dan historiografi. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah setidaknya ada tiga faktor utama yang menyebabkan konflik Malcolm X dari NOI. Pertama, Malcolm X lebih terkenal dan menjadi tokoh besar dalam gerakan NOI daripada Elijah Muhammad. Ketenarannya merangsang rasa iri dan rumor bahwa dia akan mengambil alih gerakan serta dia ingin lebih berhasil dari Elijah Muhammad. Kedua, kehidupan pribadi Elijah Muhammad yang terguncang oleh skandal perempuan. Ketiga adalah komentar Malcolm X pada pembunuhan Presiden Kennedy.Kata Kunci : Pengaruh, Konflik Internal, Malcolm X, NOI

The FBI and the Nation of Islam

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Evanzz
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Malcolm X ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
American Muslims ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
History Of Religion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unique Relationship

This chapter examines the FBI’s repression of the Nation of Islam. The FBI placed several of its own operatives into leading positions in this religious community, forging along the way a unique relationship with New York City’s police department. The essay explains how Bureau's efforts to destroy the Nation of Islam produced what is arguably its most violent repression of religious groups at the time. The author Karl Evanzz focuses on Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X, both of whom targeted by the FBI for years. By explaining the bureau’s efforts to disrupt the best known organization of African American Muslims, the chapter interprets for readers a pivotal episode in the nation's history of religion and the security state.

scholarly journals Sort etik med transkontekstuel inspiration

2018 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-39
Author(s):  
Carsten Elmelund Petersen
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Liberation Theology ◽  
Black People ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Malcolm X ◽  
Black Consciousness ◽  
Black Liberation ◽  
Black Liberation Theology ◽  
Martin Luther King

Allan Boesak developed a black liberation theology in SouthAfrica in the time of apartheid. He was studying the thinking of four afro-americans in USA, Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, Albert Cleage,and James Cone. Boesak does not argue that his ethics is universal, becausethe validity of his black ethics is only in the contexts where thereis oppression. Black ethics is contextual, Boesak says. But this articleargues that according to Boesak, ethics has validity in all the contextswhere there is oppression. The liberation ethic is, therefore, transcontextual.Another foundational element in Boesaks ethics is “the Black”:It is the black consciousness that gives black people a sense of belongingwhen they are oppressed. The Black consciousness is transcontextual.He uses the inspiration from USA, which is his original context, intothe South Africa apartheid situation, the application context.

scholarly journals Black theology versus black spirituality and black faith: The centrality of spirituality and faith in black theology of liberation in the South African context

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olehile A. Buffel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Liberation Theology ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Theology ◽  
Spiritual Journey ◽  
Black Liberation ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Theology Of Liberation

Black theology, which is linked to black power in the context of the United States of America and black consciousness in the context of South Africa is often regarded as having nothing to do with spirituality, faith and salvation. It is often regarded by critics as radical, militant and political. In some circles its theological character is questioned. Advocates of liberation theology, past and present are accused of mixing religion with politics. The article traces the history of black theology, as part of liberation theology, which started in the 1960s in three contexts, namely Latin America, United States of America and South Africa. The article argues that spirituality, faith and salvation are central to black theology of liberation. The critical theological reflection that black theology of liberation is all about happens in the context of the spiritual journey of the poor believer and oppressed.Contribution: The contribution that this article makes is to serve as a corrective discourse that rebuts the mistaken accusation that black liberation theology has nothing to do with spirituality and faith. The article makes a direct link between spirituality and faith on the one hand and on the other hand liberating Christian praxis of the poor in their spiritual journey, in the context of South Africans as they struggle to liberate themselves amid poverty, service delivery struggles and COVID-19 and its implications.

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