Introduction Holism against Reductionism

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Social Determinants ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Clinical Encounter ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Ethical Perspective ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Disease Causation ◽  
Or Practice ◽  
Definition Of

The Introduction sets out the major themes of the book. These include medicine’s role in the moral and cultural agendas of contemporary society, challenges to the biomedical model represented by new regimes of disease and disorder, and the limitations of principlist bioethics for moving in a more holistic direction. In the working definition of the book, “reductionism” suggests a mechanistic and narrowly somatic understanding of disease, monocausal theories of disease, and an exclusive preoccupation with cure to the neglect of prevention. Meanwhile, “holism” refers to a contextual understanding of disease causation, intervention, or practice. A systemic concern with the whole organism, a focus on the interconnected effects of the larger environment, and ethical concerns with the clinical encounter, can all be characterized as holistic. The Introduction situates the struggle between these perspectives in historical context, and calls for a renewed focus on the social determinants of health and a more holistic ethical perspective.

KAI KURIE ŠIUOLAIKINĖS ARCHITEKTŪROLOGIJOS ASPEKTAI

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 270-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladas Stauskas
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Art And Science ◽  
Architectural Practice ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Research

The paper presents and analyses in detail the content and significance of the new definition of architecture “as the art and science of designing the environment (space)” for contemporary architecturology and architectural practice. It discusses in greater detail the social and ecological tasks of architecture in contemporary society as well as the responsibility of the architect and new research trends in architecturology. The paper also focuses on the importance of regionality trend in the context of modern globalization and touches upon the questions of architects’ professional training specialization. Santrauka Straipsnyje plačiau pristatomas ir detalizuojamas naujojo architektūros apibrėžimo „Architektūra – tai menas ir mokslas formuoti aplinką (erdvę)“ – turinys ir reikšmė šiuolaikinei architektūrologijai ir architektūros praktikai. Detaliau aptariami socialiniai ir ekologiniai architektūros uždaviniai dabartinėje visuomenėje, architekto atsakomybė, naujos tyrimų kryptys architektūrologijoje. Atskirai aptarta regionalumo krypties svarba dabartinės globalizacijos fone. Paliesti architektų profesinio rengimo specializacijos klausimai.

scholarly journals COMMUNITY SOCIAL-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT BETWEEN SOCIAL RESIDENCES FUTURE SPECIALIST

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilit Iskoyan ◽  
Miqaelyan
Keyword(s):  
Professional Socialization ◽  
Professional Competencies ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Social Formation ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The University

The article examines the influence of the social and cultural environment of the university on the social formation of future specialists. The essence of the concept of the social and cultural environment of the university is characterized. A general characteris-tic of the structural components of the social and cultural environment is given. The influence of the social and cultural environment on the social formation of future spe-cialists is substantiated, which proceeds in several directions and stages: the content of these directions and stages is characterized. A working definition of the socio-cultural environment of a university has been formed with which a university graduate interacts and which is a combination of objec-tive and subjective factors that contribute to their successful mastering of professional competencies, the formation of professional socialization and the social formation of students.

A Sociology of Luck

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Sauder
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Social World ◽  
Real Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Theoretical Inquiry ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Definition Of

Sociology has been curiously silent about the concept of luck. The present article argues that this omission is, in fact, an oversight: An explicit and systematic engagement with luck provides a more accurate portrayal of the social world, opens potentially rich veins of empirical and theoretical inquiry, and offers a compelling alternative for challenging dominant meritocratic frames about inequality and the distribution of rewards. This article develops a framework for studying luck, first by proposing a working definition of luck, examining why sociology has ignored luck in the past, and making the case for the value of including luck in sociology’s conceptual repertoire. The article then demonstrates the fertile research potential of studying luck by identifying a host of research questions and hypotheses pertaining to the social construction of luck, the real effects of luck, and theoretical interventions related to luck. It concludes by highlighting the distinctive contributions sociology can make to the growing interdisciplinary interest in this topic.

Democracy

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-234
Author(s):  
Kristen Parris
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Charles Tilly ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Essentially Contested Concepts ◽  
Definition Of

Democracy, Charles Tilly, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. xi, 227.The ideal of democracy is rarely challenged openly in the contemporary world, yet it remains one of the social science's essentially contested concepts. Despite a large and growing literature on the topic, there is little consensus on how we are to decide when a particular regime qualifies as a democracy or not. In his ambitious and forceful new book, Charles Tilly argues that this lack of a clear and accurate definition of democracy is of considerable consequence. Lucid explanations of democratization, political standing of regimes, related foreign policy decisions and the quality of people's lives are all at stake. Tilly devotes his first chapter to building a working definition of democracy before putting forward a cogent explanatory framework for understanding how and why democracies emerge and why they sometimes disappear and to demonstrate what difference it makes.

scholarly journals The Social Value of the Intellectual Commons: Conclusions on Commons-Based Value

2020 ◽  
pp. 119-127
Author(s):  
Antonios Broumas
Keyword(s):  
Social Theory ◽  
Social Value ◽  
The Third ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Intellectual Commons ◽  
Value Crisis ◽  
First Offers

Elaborating on key findings of previous chapters this chapter proposes more abstract statements on commons-based value, its sources, forms and mode of circulation and, finally, the value crisis challenging the interrelation between intellectual commons and capital. It is structured into the five following sections. The first offers a working definition of commons-based value in accordance with the findings of the research. The second determines productive communal activity as the source of commons-based value. The third analyses the forms of commons-based value. The fourth sketches out the basic characteristics of the mode of commons-based value circulation. The fifth and final substantive section examines the crises of value encountered in the sphere of the intellectual commons. Overall, this chapter offers a social theory of commons-based value circulation with normative dimensions in respect of the morality of the intellectual commons. With empirical data it confirms the presence of an alternative proto-mode of value circulation based on the intellectual commons, which supports the reproduction of the intellectual bases of our societies in dialectical interrelation to the dominant capitalist mode thus thereby rendering commons-based value visible to activists, researchers and policymakers and fuelling practices, policies and laws that might truly unleash their potential.

The Nature and Etiology of Uncertainty

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-30
Author(s):  
Paul K.J. Han
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Metacognitive Awareness ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
General Phenomenon ◽  
Exchange Of Information ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Science Literature ◽  
Definition Of

Chapter 2 examines the nature and etiology of uncertainty in medicine. It reviews existing conceptions of uncertainty and demonstrates the diversity of ways in which it has been defined, both in and outside of medicine. It describes the meaning and functions of metacognition, and offers a working definition of uncertainty as the metacognitive awareness of ignorance. Referencing various insights from the social science literature, the chapter describes how uncertainty as a more general phenomenon is both psychologically generated by novelty, discrepancy, and deliberation and socially constructed and transmitted through the exchange of information.

KAI KURIE ŠIUOLAIKINĖS ARCHITEKTŪROLOGIJOS ASPEKTAI

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 270-278
Author(s):  
Vladas Stauskas
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Art And Science ◽  
Architectural Practice ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Research

The paper presents and analyses in detail the content and significance of the new definition of architecture “as the art and science of designing the environment (space)” for contemporary architecturology and architectural practice. It discusses in greater detail the social and ecological tasks of architecture in contemporary society as well as the responsibility of the architect and new research trends in architecturology. The paper also focuses on the importance of regionality trend in the context of modern globalization and touches upon the questions of architects’ professional training specialization. Santrauka Straipsnyje plačiau pristatomas ir detalizuojamas naujojo architektūros apibrėžimo „Architektūra – tai menas ir mokslas formuoti aplinką (erdvę)“ – turinys ir reikšmė šiuolaikinei architektūrologijai ir architektūros praktikai. Detaliau aptariami socialiniai ir ekologiniai architektūros uždaviniai dabartinėje visuomenėje, architekto atsakomybė, naujos tyrimų kryptys architektūrologijoje. Atskirai aptarta regionalumo krypties svarba dabartinės globalizacijos fone. Paliesti architektų profesinio rengimo specializacijos klausimai.

scholarly journals The paranormal

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristoffer Tidelius
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Strong Case ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of

In this article, I explore previous conceptualizations of ‘the paranormal’ within religious studies and the social sciences. Introducing some statistics on paranormal variables in Western populations, I argue that the empirical data make a strong case for future studies of paranormal variables, as well as warranting conceptual clarification. Sketching an outline of previous conceptualizations of ‘the paranormal’, I conclude that definitions tend to stress that purportedly paranormal phenomena transgress the boundaries of scientific explanation, as well as demonstrate a degree of tension towards both mainstream or institutionalized science and religion. Lastly, I present the main contribution of the article: an attempt at a new working definition of the term ‘the paranormal’ based on the conceptualizations reviewed, encompassing substantial and discursive components and, possibly, functional ones.

“Go to hell fucking faggots, may you die!” framing the LGBT subject in online comments

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabienne Baider
Keyword(s):  
Hate Speech ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Discursive Construction ◽  
Greek Cypriot ◽  
The Social ◽  
Online Comments ◽  
Lgbt Community ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Republic Of Cyprus

Abstract This paper reports on a manual monitoring of online representations of LGBT persons in the Republic of Cyprus for the period April 2015–February 2016. The article contextualizes the prevalence of “hate speech” in online Greek Cypriot comments against LGBT individuals, and, more generally, against non-heterosexuals. Adopting a Foucauldian position vis-à-vis the social and discursive construction of sexuality, we outline, first, the socio-historical context (Fairclough 1989, 2003) with a focus on LGBT rights in the Republic of Cyprus and the nationalistic project construing sexualities. We then examine the different levels of discursive discrimination practices, providing a snapshot of the types of “hate speech” referring to this topic typically found in such an environment. The focus is on identification of the frames used to construct LGBT identities, and their perception.We use in our title the word subject as defined by post-modernists and by Butler in particular (2009 : iii): subject refers to “a socially produced ‘agent’ and ‘deliberator’ whose agency and thought is made possible by a language that precedes that ‘I’. In this sense the ‘I’ is produced through power (….)”. This paper focuses on the socially produced definition of the LGBT community in the context under study. We thus address the way in which sexuality is constructed within a compulsory and hegemonic heterosexuality and heteronormativity. We analyze our data i.e. comments focused on the LGBT community, with corpus linguistic tools (Baker et al. 2008; Brindle 2016) as well as through a qualitative examination of the identified frames. Our analysis confirms an interface between nationalism and compulsory hegemonic heteronormativity in the Republic as well as the influence of the Orthodox Church and its beliefs (Kamenou 2011a, 2011b, 2016).

For what shall we give thanks? On gratitude, justice, and the gospel of Christ

2021 ◽  
pp. 000332862110238
Author(s):  
K.D. Joyce
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Theological Reflection ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Ethical Reflection ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Definition Of

While exhortations to gratitude are present throughout the Bible, contemporary theological scholarship on gratitude has been limited, largely following the lead of secular research. To engage in deeper theological reflection on gratitude, I begin by proposing a working definition of gratitude in the Christian context. An overview of existing gratitude research undertaken in the fields of philosophy and the social sciences, reflections on three of the seven “heavenly virtues,” and insights from existing theologies of grace and the cross provide examples of how existing scholarship forms a solid basis for the creation of a theology of gratitude. Finally, the role that concerns of justice must play in any theology of gratitude is examined—for what should we give thanks? A Christian theology of gratitude invites us to critical ethical reflection on what is truly good in the eyes of God, and calls us to generous response.

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