scholarly journals Mercosur – a Comparison of Four Member Countries on the Basis of Selected Economic Indicators

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Vít Hinčica ◽  
Michala Mizerová ◽  
Hana Řezanková
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Current Account Balance ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Euclidean Distances ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual

The aim of this paper is to present how countries can be compared on the basis of the development of selected macroeconomic indicators. The economic similarity of the four founding Mercosur countries (i.e., Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay), based on the development of five selected macroeconomic indicators in the period 1991–2016, is investigated. The following indicators were analyzed: current account balance, GDP per capita, trade-to-GDP ratio, unemployment rate, and the GDP deflator, using data from the World Bank database. Using hierarchical cluster analysis of changes in time series (differences and growth rates), it was found that the obtained clusters of countries are different. For this reason, cluster analysis was carried out for two different groups of indicators on the basis of the averages of the Euclidean distances obtained for the individual indicators.

scholarly journals Psychophysiological features of fighters of different tactical styles of conducting competitive duels

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
G.O. Ogar ◽  
E.I. Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster Analysis ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Time Switching ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Switching Attention ◽  
Individual Training

<p><strong>Objective</strong>: To determine the psychophysiological features of skilled freestyle wrestlers with different tactical ways of fighting.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: The study involved 15 freestyle wrestlers who are students of the H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University.  The athletes had experience in free-wrestling from 5 to 7 years, qualification of the  Meister kandidat (n = 6) and the 1st sports category (n = 9), age of the examinees - 17-21 years. With the help of V. Schulte's technique, testing of stability of attention and dynamics of efficiency of fighters was carried out. The indicators of switching and distribution of attention of the investigated by the method of FD were also tested. Humpback. A hierarchical cluster analysis of psychophysiological test results was conducted, according to which the investigated fighters were divided into two groups.</p><p> <strong>Results</strong>: According to the results of testing psychophysiological indicators, some differences were found between the groups. Cluster analysis of testing results of psychophysiological features of freestyle wrestlers divided the studied athletes into two groups. The first group includes fighters who lead competitive duels against defense, using mostly counter-attacks (defensive, counter-attacking style of conducting a competitive duel). The second group of investigated fighters included athletes, who are fighting in an active style (attacking style of running a competitive fight). The wrestlers of the second group, in terms of performance (p &lt;0.001) outperform the athletes of the first group. The first group studied showed a better time switching attention than their opponents (p&lt;0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The results of the study can be used in the individual training of fighters to determine the optimal tactical manner of the fight for specific athletes.</p>

scholarly journals Do Democratic Economies Grow Faster? The Case of Asia vs. the EU

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Samuel D. Barrows
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Economic Growth Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The dynamics of the five fastest growing GDP per capita economies in Asia and the EU are studied between 2010 and 2014. This time frame was selected in order to avoid the height of the 2008-2009 financial crisis, but to include the stimulus and recovery periods which occurred afterward. The intent was not to compare the recoveries or the impact of the stimulus programs. The intent was to compare the economic growth rates of the two groups and also the absolute per capita income along with five topic areas on economies including: configuration, utilization, investments, demographics, and outcomes. A total of twenty measurements are used for assessment from the World Bank databank website. The findings are that the Asian economies grew faster while the EU economies had a higher per capita income. The workforces of the Asia economies are also younger and more flexible whereas the workforces of the EU economies are older, but more educated. Discussions include the links between effective governments and economic development and the links between democracy and economic levels.

Neoliberalism, Genre, and “The Tragedy of the Commons”

PMLA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob Nixon
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Tragedy Of The Commons ◽  
Think Tanks ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Individual Good ◽  
The Commons ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

In december 1968 the journal science published “the tragedy of the commons,” a slender tract by the ecologist and geneticist garrett Hardin that became one of the twentieth century's most influential essays. Hardin's thinking resonated in particular with policy makers at the International Monetary Fund, at the World Bank, and at conservative think tanks and kindred neoliberal institutions advocating so-called trickle-down economics, structural adjustment, austerity measures, government shrinkage, and the privatization of resources. Although Hardin's paramount, Malthusian concern was with “overbreeding,” his general critique of the commons has had a far more lasting impact. He memorably encapsulated that critique in a parable that represented the commons as unprofitable and unsustainable, inimical to both the collective and the individual good.1 According to this brief parable, a herdsman faced with the temptations of a common pasture will instinctively overload it with his livestock. As each greed-driven individual strives to maximize the resource for personal gain, the commons collapses to the detriment of all. Together, Hardin's pithy essay title and succinct parable have helped vindicate a neoliberal rescue narrative, whereby privatization through enclosure, dispossession, and resource capture is deemed necessary for averting tragedy.

Institutional anomie and justification of morally dubious behavior and violence cross-nationally: A multilevel examination

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rena C Zito
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
National Level ◽  
Financial Hardship ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Institutional Anomie Theory ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Anomie Theory ◽  
Cultural Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
Using Data

This study draws on insights from institutional anomie theory to examine justification of morally dubious behavior and violence cross-nationally. Further, it builds on a burgeoning body of multilevel institutional anomie theory and research on crime-relevant attitudes by considering whether and how individual financial hardship intersects with anomic structural and cultural systems at the national level, acknowledging that individual responses to anomie may be contingent upon experiences with such hardships. Results from multilevel modeling using data from 74,930 World Values Survey respondents in 52 nations, the World Bank, and other organizations provide partial support for the hypotheses. Specifically, conditions of “want amid plenty,” (Bjerregaard & Cochran, 2008a, p. 183) weakened family and education institutions, and monetary fetishism predict justifications cross-nationally. Moreover, economic inequality and individualism moderate the effect of financial hardship on justifications of morally dubious actions and violence, consistent with expectations.

Using data clustering in evaluation the diversity of poverty danger in Polish subregions

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 17-36
Author(s):  
Beata Kraszewska
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Social Care ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Spatial Diversification ◽  
Using Data

The article discusses the use of cluster analysis methods to assess the differentiation of risk of poverty in the Polish subregion. On the basis of data on the labor market, wages and social care, developed on the basis of the resources of the Local Data Bank of the CSO and their variable-correlation verification, the author has defined a set of diagnostic features used to determine the cluster of sub-regions similar in terms of risk of poverty. Results were compared with the results of study work in the field of spatial diversification of estimating at-risk-of-poverty rate (ARPR) in 2011 conducted by the Small Areas Statistics Centre of the Statistical Office in Poznań in cooperation with experts from the World Bank.

scholarly journals The influence of health expenditures on household impoverishment in Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 797-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Crispim Boing ◽  
Andréa Dâmaso Bertoldi ◽  
Leila Garcia Posenato ◽  
Karen Glazer Peres
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The World ◽  
Bolsa Familia ◽  
Per Capita

OBJECTIVE To analyze the variation in the proportion of households living below the poverty line in Brazil and the factors associated with their impoverishment. METHODS Income and expenditure data from the Household Budget Survey, which was conducted in Brazil between 2002-2003 (n = 48,470 households) and 2008-2009 (n = 55,970 households) with a national sample, were analyzed. Two cutoff points were used to define poverty. The first cutoff is a per capita monthly income below R$100.00 in 2002-2003 and R$140.00 in 2008-2009, as recommended by the Bolsa Família Program. The second, which is proposed by the World Bank and is adjusted for purchasing power parity, defines poverty as per capita income below US$2.34 and US$3.54 per day in 2002-2003 and 2008-2009, respectively. Logistic regression was used to identify the sociodemographic factors associated with the impoverishment of households. RESULTS After subtracting health expenditures, there was an increase in households living below the poverty line in Brazil. Using the World Bank poverty line, the increase in 2002-2003 and 2008-2009 was 2.6 percentage points (6.8%) and 2.3 percentage points (11.6%), respectively. Using the Bolsa Família Program poverty line, the increase was 1.6 (11.9%) and 1.3 (17.3%) percentage points, respectively. Expenditure on prescription drugs primarily contributed to the increase in poor households. According to the World Bank poverty line, the factors associated with impoverishment include a worse-off financial situation, a household headed by an individual with low education, the presence of children, and the absence of older adults. Using the Bolsa Família Program poverty line, the factors associated with impoverishment include a worse-off financial situation and the presence of children. CONCLUSIONS Health expenditures play an important role in the impoverishment of segments of the Brazilian population, especially among the most disadvantaged.

The Influence of Partner Choice and Country of Origin Characteristics on the Naturalization of Immigrants in Sweden: A Longitudinal Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Helgertz ◽  
Pieter Bevelander
Keyword(s):  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Political Freedom ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Dual Citizenship ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Country Characteristics ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual

Using data for the period 1968–2001, this article assesses the influence of partner choice and origin country characteristics on the propensity of immigrants to naturalize in Sweden. Marriage to a foreign-born Swedish citizen increases the naturalization propensity, and its effect increases strongly when the spouse naturalizes during the same year. The analysis suggests that a lower level of civic and political freedom or relative GDP per capita in the individual's country of origin is associated with an elevated probability of naturalization. During the period of study, originating from a country which allows for dual citizenship did not systematically elevate the probability to naturalize; this probability was accentuated, however, if the individual originated from a context characterized by a low degree of civic and political freedom.

Application of Two-Way Hierarchical Cluster Analysis for the Identification of Similarities between the Individual Lipid Fractions ofLucilia sericata

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 733-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Gołębiowski ◽  
Anita Sosnowska ◽  
Tomasz Puzyn ◽  
Mieczysława I. Boguś ◽  
Wioletta Wieloch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster Analysis ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
The Individual

scholarly journals Is there an empirical environmental Kuznets curve relationship between mismanaged plastic waste per capita and income per capita? A caveat

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuro Uehara ◽  
Mateo Cordier
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Scientific Validation

A study by Barnes (2019) concluded that there exists an empirical environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between mismanaged plastic waste per capita and income per capita. However, this result needs careful interpretation. The study adopted data that used the World Bank database to compute mismanaged plastic waste amounts. Because data to compute them were not available for all countries, missing data were estimated by relating them to economic classification (i.e., income level). In other words, the data used for the analysis by Barnes simply assumed—without scientific validation—that mismanaged plastic waste amounts are related to economic classification (i.e., income level).

scholarly journals Dependency and Underdevelopment: The Nepalese Context

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 202-220
Author(s):  
Samira Luitel
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
World Bank Report ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Productive Land

The World Bank report (1991) mentioned that "Nepal is one of the world's poorest countries. It ranks 115th in per capita GNP out of 120 countries. With respect to life expectancy, it ranks 103rd out of 118 reporting countries. It is one of the constellations of countries characterized by rapid population increase, low or negative per capita GDP growth and a slow transition out of a subsistence agricultural economy. It exhibits many of the characteristics of similar sub-Saharan African economies, including a limited productive land base, a land-locked location, and a very low level of exports."   DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v11i0.3037 Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.11 2009 202-220

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