Breeding for submergence tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its management for flash flood in rainfed low land area: A review

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradhan Biswajit ◽  
Kundu Sritama ◽  
Santra Anindya ◽  
Sarkar Moushree ◽  
Kundagrami Sabyasachi
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Path Coefficient ◽  
Submergence Tolerance ◽  
Aerenchyma Formation ◽  
Integrated Agriculture ◽  
Short Period

For rainfed low land paddy ecosystems which is supposed to withstand the sudden rise of water level for short period of time i.e. up to two weeks has been considered as the submergence tolerant. Proper screening and evaluation method are very important for cost effective and economic breeding procedures that will benefits the farmers. The agro morphological characters which are responsible for submergence tolerance; character association and path coefficient analysis will be very much useful to select them for further assessment. Hybrid rice will be another approach which could mitigate the flash flood constraints. Proper understanding of anatomical characters such as aerenchyma formation and changes of diameter of aerenchyma of root, shoot and leaf will be very much important for submergence tolerance if it is linked with genetic factors. Biochemical manipulation of different plant hormone such as gibberellic acid, abscisic acid and ethylene; enzyme like alcohol dehydrogenase synthesis; chlorophyll content and non structural carbohydrate content of shoot has significant role for enhancement of survival during underwater growth. Plant extracts or herbal crude product in the form of dry and wet treatments along with proper growth nutrients will be a holistic approach for sustainable and integrated agriculture and will be a tool for crop improvement in future breeding programme for submergence tolerance in rice.

scholarly journals Genetic Variability and Association of Traits in Mutant Lines of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) for Submergence Tolerance

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikita Kumari ◽  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Avinash Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Submergence Tolerance ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Survival Percentage ◽  
Ethyl Methyl ◽  
Mutant Lines

Present investigation was carried out with 240 mutant lines developed from different combination of gamma rays and ethyl methyl sulfonate on three rice varieties i.e FR13A, FR13B and Labella along with three untreated checks (FR13A, FR13B and Labella). These were evaluated for their survival percentage under submerged condition and yield potential along with 9 other morpho-physiological traits using Type 2 modified augmented design during Kharif season of 2017 in the agroclimatic region of north bihar, India. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the mutant lines for all morpho-physiological characters under study. Higher magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance as percentage of mean were observed for number of tillers per plant, number of fertile tillers per plant, relative shoot elongation and survival percentage, indicating that these traits could be used as selection indices for yield improvement and submergence tolerance. Association study revealed that number of tillers per plant and survival percentage had significant positive high to moderate direct association with grain yield per plant under submergence condition. Thus, these traits may be used as selection criteria in further crop improvement programmes for submergence tolerance.

scholarly journals Genetic Variability and Divergence Studies on Yield under Delayed Sowing Conditions in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
S. Vanisri ◽  
V. Ishwrya Laxmi ◽  
K. Charles Wesly ◽  
B. Priyanka ◽  
M. Sreedhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Spikelet Fertility ◽  
Yield Enhancement ◽  
Path Coefficient ◽  
Panicle Length

Timely sowing is a critical factor in realizing the yield as it ensures the vegetative growth to crop up during a period of satisfactory temperatures and fits the cultivar maturity length and growing season. In the present investigation, 38 cold tolerant rice genotypes were studied under delayed sowing conditions at College Farm, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad. The genotypes were evaluated for yield attributing traits with a view of understanding the extent of variability and diversity present among the genotypes that could be suitable for delayed sowing conditions with cold tolerance. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant differences for all the characters with high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) values for tillers per plant, spikelet fertility, filled grains per panicle and seed yield per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of the mean was observed for plant height, spikelet fertility, filled grains per panicle with higher variability indicating the presence of fixable gene action which may suggest a reliable crop improvement through selection of these traits. As association analysis could help the breeder to design selection strategies to improve grain yield, correlation studies were carried out which revealed the trait to be having positive relation with all the traits except panicle exertion and panicle length. Path coefficient analysis showed all the traits except panicle exertion and test weight to be exhibiting a direct positive effect on yield, selection for which should be emphasized on these positively associated traits for yield enhancement. Principal component analysis and D2 analysis together determined plant height, grain yield, panicle exertion, panicle length and yield per plant having higher contributions to the total variability, which could be taken into consideration in rice breeding programmes for further improvement in production.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Landraces and Improved Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Taiwan

Rice ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai-ling Hour ◽  
Wei-hsun Hsieh ◽  
Su-huang Chang ◽  
Yong-pei Wu ◽  
Han-shiuan Chin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Germplasm Conservation ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Improved Varieties ◽  
Breeding Goals

Abstract Background Rice, the most important crop in Asia, has been cultivated in Taiwan for more than 5000 years. The landraces preserved by indigenous peoples and brought by immigrants from China hundreds of years ago exhibit large variation in morphology, implying that they comprise rich genetic resources. Breeding goals according to the preferences of farmers, consumers and government policies also alter gene pools and genetic diversity of improved varieties. To unveil how genetic diversity is affected by natural, farmers’, and breeders’ selections is crucial for germplasm conservation and crop improvement. Results A diversity panel of 148 rice accessions, including 47 cultivars and 59 landraces from Taiwan and 42 accessions from other countries, were genotyped by using 75 molecular markers that revealed an average of 12.7 alleles per locus with mean polymorphism information content of 0.72. These accessions could be grouped into five subpopulations corresponding to wild rice, japonica landraces, indica landraces, indica cultivars, and japonica cultivars. The genetic diversity within subpopulations was: wild rices > landraces > cultivars; and indica rice > japonica rice. Despite having less variation among cultivars, japonica landraces had greater genetic variation than indica landraces because the majority of Taiwanese japonica landraces preserved by indigenous peoples were classified as tropical japonica. Two major clusters of indica landraces were formed by phylogenetic analysis, in accordance with immigration from two origins. Genetic erosion had occurred in later japonica varieties due to a narrow selection of germplasm being incorporated into breeding programs for premium grain quality. Genetic differentiation between early and late cultivars was significant in japonica (FST = 0.3751) but not in indica (FST = 0.0045), indicating effects of different breeding goals on modern germplasm. Indigenous landraces with unique intermediate and admixed genetic backgrounds were untapped, representing valuable resources for rice breeding. Conclusions The genetic diversity of improved rice varieties has been substantially shaped by breeding goals, leading to differentiation between indica and japonica cultivars. Taiwanese landraces with different origins possess various and unique genetic backgrounds. Taiwanese rice germplasm provides diverse genetic variation for association mapping to unveil useful genes and is a precious genetic reservoir for rice improvement.

scholarly journals Improved Transformation and Regeneration of Indica Rice: Disruption of SUB1A as a Test Case via CRISPR-Cas9

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6989
Author(s):  
Yuya Liang ◽  
Sudip Biswas ◽  
Backki Kim ◽  
Julia Bailey-Serres ◽  
Endang M. Septiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Gene Editing ◽  
Indica Rice ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Immature Embryo ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Submergence Tolerance ◽  
Embryogenic Calli ◽  
Submergence Stress ◽  
Efficient Vector ◽  
Vector Delivery

Gene editing by use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) has become a powerful tool for crop improvement. However, a common bottleneck in the application of this approach to grain crops, including rice (Oryza sativa), is efficient vector delivery and calli regeneration, which can be hampered by genotype-dependent requirements for plant regeneration. Here, methods for Agrobacterium-mediated and biolistic transformation and regeneration of indica rice were optimized using CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing of the submergence tolerance regulator SUBMERGENCE 1A-1 gene of the cultivar Ciherang-Sub1. Callus induction and plantlet regeneration methods were optimized for embryogenic calli derived from immature embryos and mature seed-derived calli. Optimized regeneration (95%) and maximal editing efficiency (100%) were obtained from the immature embryo-derived calli. Phenotyping of T1 seeds derived from the edited T0 plants under submergence stress demonstrated inferior phenotype compared to their controls, which phenotypically validates the disruption of SUB1A-1 function. The methods pave the way for rapid CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing of recalcitrant indica rice cultivars.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate reserve and aerenchyma formation enhance submergence tolerance in rice

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-264
Author(s):  
MHR Pramanik ◽  
IJ Shelley ◽  
D Adhikary ◽  
MO Islam
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Aromatic Rice ◽  
Submergence Tolerance ◽  
Aerenchyma Formation ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserve ◽  
And Control

An attempt was made to evaluate the submergence tolerance in rice using four Aman rice varieties viz. FR13A (local flood resistant, check), BRRI dhan 51 (HYV flood tolerant, check), BR 5 (HYV, susceptible) and a local aromatic rice,Ukunimadhu (local susceptible). Twenty  days old seedlings of the rice varieties raised in earthen pots were submerged under 90 cm water depth in a submergence tank for 12 days and data were recorded on plant height, tiller number, carbohydrate reserve and internal anatomical structure of roots of the submerged and control (ambient) plants. Under submergence treatment Ukunimadhu showed rapid stem elongation with taller plants than the HYVs which showed shorter plant height. Tillering pattern was almost similar both in submergence treated and control plants in all the varieties. Variation in carbohydrate reserve was negligible among the varieties at ambient condition but the submergence treatment brought significant variation in carbohydrate content in them. Submergence treated FR13A and BRRI dhan 51 had the highest sugar and starch conservation ability while BR 5 and Ukunimadhu had the lowest. The higher reserved carbohydrate in the tolerant varieties might assist them to regenerate their normal growth rapidly after desubmergence. The cellular morphology of root tissue showed that intensity of aerenchyma development in submergence treated FR13A and BRRI dhan 51 was more pronounced compared to the local aromatic rice Ukunimadhu and perhaps this cellular large aerenchymatous development might be associated with the submergence tolerance of FR13A and BRRI dhan 51 than the local variety, Ukunimadhu.Progressive Agriculture 27 (3): 256-264, 2016

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