Screening and management of false smut disease in rice-A review

False smut of rice caused by Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke), increasing concern in majority of rice growing areas around the world as epidemics have been reported lately. The fungus completely converts the grains into spore balls, unfit for consumption and seed production. With the increase in disease, yield loss and disease severity is accentuating. The QTLs responsible for the false smut resistance to be identified and consistent inheritability of these QTLs have to be evaluated using marker assisted selection. Due to heavy application of nitrogenous fertilizers the disease aggravates, proper management strategies needed to be framed to control the false smut disease. Progress in achieving the resistance varieties and management of false smut needs more emphasis. This review summarizes the present status in the screening of resistant varieties and management of false smut in rice.

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Research on Advance of Rice False Smut Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takah Worldwide: IV. Identification of Rice Resistance to RFS, Management and Prospection of RFS

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v11n15p275 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (15) ◽

pp. 275 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shiwen Huang ◽

Lianmeng Liu ◽

Ling Wang ◽

Yuxuan Hou

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Control Measures ◽

Ustilaginoidea Virens ◽

Rice False Smut ◽

Control Efficiency ◽

Resistant Varieties ◽

Emergency Measure ◽

False Smut ◽

Inoculation Time ◽

Cultivation Techniques

Technological issues in identification of rice resistance were discussed in this part, including inoculum and its preparation, inoculation concentration of inoculum, inoculation time and method. It is very difficult to control RFS, RFS can only prevent but not cure, i.e., to control the RFS only spray fungicides before symptomatic appearance (rice smut balls appeared) can achieve better control efficiency, while once the smut ball appeared it could not be controlled even the concentration of fungicides increase several times, or spraying multiple times. Therefore, in order to achieve better control efficiency to RFS, integratd control measures need to be adopted. The integratd control measures including agricultural control, rice resistant varieties application, cultivation techniques, fertilization and water management, and fungicides application is the last approach and emergency measure for controlling RFS.

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FLYER: A Simple Yet Robust Model for Estimating Yield Loss from Rice False Smut Disease (Ustilaginoidea virens)

American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences ◽

10.3844/ajabssp.2015.41.54 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 41-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Bodrun Nessa ◽

Moin U. Salam ◽

A.H.M. Mahfuzul Haque ◽

Jiban K. Biswas ◽

William J. MacLeod ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Yield Loss ◽

Ustilaginoidea Virens ◽

Rice False Smut ◽

Robust Model ◽

False Smut

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High-resolution mapping of the quantitative trait locus (QTLs) conferring resistance to false smut disease in rice

10.21203/rs.3.rs-325960/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

kumari neelam ◽

Kishor Kumar ◽

Amandeep Kaur ◽

Amit Kishore ◽

Pavneet Kaur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Resistance ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Hot Spot ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Chromosome 9 ◽

Phenotypic Effect ◽

Ustilaginoidea Virens ◽

Rice False Smut ◽

Rice Chromosomes ◽

False Smut

Abstract Decoding the genetic mechanisms underlying disease resistance is of great importance for crop improvement. Rice false smut (RFS) is a major fungal disease caused by Ustilaginoidea virens that hampers the grain quality and yield of rice worldwide. It causes 2.8-49% global yield loss depending upon disease severity and varieties grown. In India, the severity of yield loss ranged from 2-75%. Keeping the economic importance of this disease, identification of the genes/QTLs governing disease resistance is of prime importance for the development of the linked markers and cloning of the genes. Here, we report mapping of QTLs using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between resistant line, RYT2668, and a highly susceptible variety, PR116. The population was evaluated for rice false smut disease under field conditions for three cropping seasons 2013, 2015, and 2016. A total of seven QTLs were mapped on rice chromosomes 2, 4, 5, 7, and 9 of rice using 2326 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Among them, a novel QTL qRFSr9.1 affecting total smut ball (TSB)/panicle on chromosome 9 exhibited the largest phenotypic effect. The prediction of putative candidate genes within the qRFSr9.1 spanned in 994.1Kb revealed four NBS-LRR domain-containing disease resistance proteins. We identified SNPs/Indels associated with the disease resistance which could be used for accelerating breeding programs using marker-assisted selection. In summary, our findings mark the ‘hot-spot’ region on rice chromosomes along with the identification of disease resistance genes in conferring resistance to the rice false smut disease.

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Investigation of Elite Rice Genotypes for Resistant against False Smut Disease of Rice in Bihar

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology ◽

10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i1230664 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 64-73

Author(s):

Uday Kumar ◽

Amarendra Kumar

Keyword(s):

Host Resistance ◽

Resistant Variety ◽

Ustilaginoidea Virens ◽

The World ◽

Resistance Approach ◽

False Smut ◽

Rice Genotypes ◽

Elite Germplasm ◽

Resistant Genotypes ◽

Different Parts

False smut of rice caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is the most devastating disease of rice in different parts of the world including India. The host resistance approach is most important for the management of this disease. In the present investigation, forty-four elite germplasm were screened epiphytotically in kharif 2019-20 at Bihar Agricultural University research farm, Sabour to know disease reaction against the false smut disease of rice. Out of these, seven germplasms viz. RVK-04, RVK-06, RVK-16, BRR-0057, BRR-0060, BRR-0078 and Rajendra Swasini were found immune or highly resistant (HR). Sabour Ardhjal showed resistance (R) reaction with very less percent of disease infection (0.68 %.). Eight germplasms were found moderately resistance (MR) ranges of disease infection 3.24 - 4.81% and six germplasms were showed maximum percent of disease infection (susceptible) i.e., Arize 6444 Gold, Sahbhagi Dhan, RVK-08, RVK-13, RVK-15, BRR-0071 ranged 25.70-26.26 %. The highly resistant genotypes may be further utilized for the development of resistant variety through the rice breeding programme.

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Development of screening technique for artificial creation of false smut in rice

Journal of Applied and Natural Science ◽

10.31018/jans.v10i1.1613 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 253-257

Author(s):

Yesmin Kaur ◽

J. S. Lore ◽

P. P. S. Pannu

Keyword(s):

Susceptible Variety ◽

Potential Threat ◽

Spikelet Sterility ◽

Ustilaginoidea Virens ◽

Inoculation Method ◽

Inoculation Techniques ◽

Resistant Varieties ◽

Spray Inoculation ◽

Time Of Infection ◽

False Smut

False smut (Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takahashi) of rice is an emerging disease and a potential threat to rice growers in different countries due to reduction in yield, quality and production of mycotoxins. Development and cultivation of resistant varieties is desirable approach for its management. Different inoculation techniques viz. spray inoculation, syringe inoculation and dusting method were evaluated for creating artificial epiphytotic conditions in susceptible variety PR116 under natural as well as artificially provided humidity conditions. Spray inoculation method produced more number of smut balls per plant (3.21) and per cent infected panicles (33.44%) followed by syringe inoculation (2.00 and 26.57%, respectively) and dusting method (0.33 and 6.67%, respectively). However, syringe inoculation method produced more spikelet sterility (14.82%) in rice panicles. More disease occurrence was reported in plants provided with artificial humidity after inoculations (51.12% infected panicles) than the plants grown under natural conditions (13.33% infected panicles). Late transplanted crop developed higher disease severity (18.17% infected panicles and 3.34 smut balls/plant) which might be attributed by slight decrease in temperature and increase in relative humidity conditions (up to 88% RH) at time of infection from boot to early flowering stage of the rice crop.

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Status of Rice False Smut Disease in Natore District of Bangladesh

Bangladesh Rice Journal ◽

10.3329/brj.v20i2.34126 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 31-37

Author(s):

MM Sarker ◽

AHMM Haque ◽

B Nessa ◽

MU Salam ◽

MM Islam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Yield Loss ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Rice False Smut ◽

Fungicide Application ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The World ◽

The Status ◽

History Of ◽

False Smut ◽

Foliar Fungicide

Rice false smut has become an emerging disease across the world. Its incidence has become serious in Bangladesh during T. Aman season in the last five years. However, the status of the disease in farmers field has not been estimated in this country. This study included a survey of 90 fields in four unions of Natore district during ripening stage of T. Aman rice of 2015 in order to estimate the disease incidence, number of smut balls per infected panicle and yield loss, and to ascertain effectiveness of farmers unregistered foliar fungicide application. The results show that across the fields, disease incidence, number of smut balls per infected panicle and yield loss were 8.06±2.02%, 2.88±0.17 and 0.72±0.18% (± is 95% confidence interval), respectively. Disease incidence (18.71±5.18%), number of smut balls per infected panicle (3.51±0.39) and yield loss (1.75±0.38%) was the highest in Ramananda Khajura union compared to the other three unions surveyed. Among the varieties, BRRI dhan49 incurred the highest disease incidence (18.71±5.18%). The number of smut balls per infected panicle (3.51±0.39) and yield loss (1.75±0.38%) were also the highest in this variety. The crops which flowered during mid October to early November showed significantly higher disease incidence than early flowering crops. Application of unregistered foliar fungicides tended to have reduced the disease, but did not show significant difference with no fungicide application. It is concluded that the strategic management of the disease may be directed to the specific areas of the fields where there is a history of the disease through manipulating genotypes and transplanting time. Farmers should be cautious on adopting chemical option as there is no registered fungicide yet in Bangladesh for tactical management of the disease.Bangladesh Rice j. 2016, 20(2): 31-37

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Ustilaginoidea virens: Insights into an Emerging Rice Pathogen

Annual Review of Phytopathology ◽

10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012908 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 363-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wenxian Sun ◽

Jing Fan ◽

Anfei Fang ◽

Yuejiao Li ◽

Muhammad Tariqjaveed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Functional Genomics ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Ustilaginoidea Virens ◽

Biotrophic Pathogens ◽

False Smut ◽

Significant Yield ◽

Comparative Functional Genomics ◽

Identification And Characterization

False smut of rice, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, has become one of the most important diseases in rice-growing regions worldwide. The disease causes a significant yield loss and imposes health threats to humans and animals by producing mycotoxins. In this review, we update our understanding of the pathogen, including the disease cycle and infection strategies, the decoding of the U. virens genome, comparative/functional genomics, and effector biology. Whereas the decoding of the U. virens genome unveils specific adaptations of the pathogen in successfully occupying rice flowers, progresses in comparative/functional genomics and effector biology have begun to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying U. virens virulence and pathogenicity. We highlight the identification and characterization of the produced mycotoxins and their biosynthetic pathways in U. virens.The management strategies for this disease are also discussed. The flower-specific infection strategy makes the pathogen a unique tool to unveil novel mechanisms for the interactions between nonobligate biotrophic pathogens and their hosts.

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Rice false smut detection based on faster R-CNN

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science ◽

10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i3.pp1590-1595 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 1590 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Prabira Kumar Sethy ◽

Nalini Kanta Barpanda ◽

Amiya Kumar Rath ◽

Santi Kumari Behera

Keyword(s):

Object Detection ◽

Paddy Field ◽

Grain Quality ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Causative Pathogen ◽

Convolutional Network ◽

Ustilaginoidea Virens ◽

Rice False Smut ◽

Novel Approach ◽

False Smut

<span lang="EN-IN">Rice false smut is one of the most dangerous diseases in rice at the ripening phase caused by Ustilaginoidea Virens. It is one of the most important grain diseases in rice production worldwide. Its epidemics not only lead to yield loss but also reduce grain quality because of multiple mycotoxins generated by the causative pathogen. The pathogen infects developing spikelets and specifically converts individual grain into rice false smut ball. Rice false smut balls seem to be randomly formed in some grains on a panicle of a plant in the paddy field. In this study, we suggest a novel approach for the detection of rice false smut based on faster R-CNN. The process of faster R-CNN comprises regional proposal generation and object detection. The both tasks are done in same convolutional network. Because of such design it is faster for object detection. The faster R-CNN is able to detect the RFS using rectangular labelling from on-field images. The proposed approach is the initial steps to make a prototype for the automatic detection of RFS.</span>

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